Question 22N.3.HL.TZ0.2a.viii
| Date | November 2022 | Marks available | [Maximum mark: 1] | Reference code | 22N.3.HL.TZ0.2a.viii |
| Level | HL | Paper | 3 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | Identify | Question number | a.viii | Adapted from | N/A |
The following information was published in the United Nations Development Programme 2016 Regional Human Development Report: “Inequalities in Turkey: An Overview”:
- The Human Development Report reported that Turkey’s gross national income (GNI) per capita ranks at 50, while its standard Human Development Index (HDI) rank is lower at 62.
- Turkey’s Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) score is almost 16% lower than its standard HDI score.
- The share of public expenditure on education is 2.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in Turkey, while the average share of public expenditure on education is 4.9% of GDP among other high human development countries. Even among low human development countries, the average share is 3.6%.
[Source: Buğra, A., Yılmaz, V., Birelma, A., Gürsoy, B., Taşkın, Y., Dodurka, Z., Ekim Akkan, B., Göçmen, I., UNDP. 2016.
The CASE STUDY on: Income and Social Inequalities in Turkey [online] Available at: https://www.tr.undp.org/
content/turkey/en/home/library/human_development/socialinequalities.html.]
Identify one reason for the difference between Turkey’s GNI per capita ranking and its HDI ranking.
[1]
For identifying that Turkey’s spending on education is low compared with other countries.
NB The response must refer to education.
The data provided for this question indicated that low spending on education was the important factor in explaining Turkey's relatively low HDI ranking. However, many candidates provided a more generic response.
