Question 21N.2.HL.TZ0.2b
| Date | November 2021 | Marks available | [Maximum mark: 4] | Reference code | 21N.2.HL.TZ0.2b |
| Level | HL | Paper | 2 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | Explain | Question number | b | Adapted from | N/A |
Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and Indonesia
- The European Union (EU) and Indonesia are currently negotiating a free trade agreement (FTA). The agreement will aim to increase trade, avoid trade protection and expand foreign direct investment (FDI). Indonesia has the largest economy and population in Southeast Asia. The EU is Indonesia’s third-largest trading partner.
- The FTA could see the clothing and footwear industry in Indonesia increase by over 10 %. However, the labour-intensive manufacturing industry has historically been known for poor working conditions and low wages. On the other hand, increased output could decrease the high unemployment in Indonesia (currently at 12 %). The EU expects its car industry to benefit from the FTA. The agreement would encourage the EU to specialize in cars, and Indonesia to specialize in clothing, therefore both countries could benefit from comparative advantage.
- Since Indonesia’s main competitors already have trade agreements with the EU, establishing an FTA is a priority for the Indonesian government. The EU has a potential market of 510 million consumers, and may offer areas for growth during a time of lower global trade and uncertainty due to the trade war between the United States and China.
- However, recent trade issues between the EU and Indonesia have slowed down negotiations. The EU announced that palm oil biodiesel is unsustainable and will phase these fuels out by 2030. Experts say that palm oil causes excessive deforestation and contributes to climate change. Indonesia is the world’s largest exporter of palm oil.
- The EU has imposed tariffs on biodiesel exports from Indonesia, which may result in Indonesia losing a market worth over US$450 million. Palm oil represents 12 % of Indonesia’s total exports, contributes approximately 2.6 % to gross domestic product (GDP), and the industry employs more than 15 million people. The EU is Indonesia’s largest palm oil customer. Additionally, some EU manufacturing businesses are unhappy with the tariffs as they rely on palm oil to produce their products, such as processed foods.
- In response, Indonesia filed a lawsuit with the World Trade Organization (WTO), stating that the EU’s policy on biodiesel is unfair and is damaging the international image of palm oil. Indonesia claims it is committed to sustainable production practices and to protecting its forests.
- To make up for losing the EU’s market, Indonesia is actively exploring other markets to boost its exports of palm oil. Other countries like China, India and Russia have a more relaxed policy on palm oil and have growing demand for it. Indonesia has also retaliated to the tariff through an investigation into whether EU dairy products exported to Indonesia benefited from subsidies, and has recommended a 20 %–25 % tariff on EU dairy products.
- However, the EU has tried to lower tensions by offering a US$17 million grant to improve trade conditions and capacity in preparation for the FTA. Experts have said that the FTA could support the development of legal and sustainable palm oil production through supporting good governance and capacity building. Indonesia has stated it would welcome help to decrease any market failure caused by palm oil.
[Source: Iswara, M. A., 2019. Indonesia gets Rp 232 billion grant from EU to ease trade negotiations [online]. Available
at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/09/30/indonesia-gets-rp-232-billion-grant-from-eu-to-ease-tradenegotiations.
html [Accessed 27 October 2020]. Source adapted.]
Using a demand and supply diagram for processed food, explain how the EU’s tariff on palm oil might impact the market for processed food in the EU (paragraph [5]).
[4]
Candidates who incorrectly label diagrams can be awarded a maximum of [3].
For a demand and supply diagram, the vertical axis should be price or p. The horizontal axis should be quantity or q. A title is not necessary.
Well prepared students had little difficulty with this question, recognising that palm oil was a factor of production in processed foods and that a tariff would result in an increase in the costs of production. They then went on to construct a well labelled diagram, illustrating the effect of the tariff on the price and output of processed food in the EU. The main limitation was that some students failed to recognise the fact that palm oil was a factor of production.
There were, however, a significant number of students who misread the question and based their answer on a tariff diagram while others used a supply and demand diagram related to palm oil and not processed food. Using such diagrams and using them as the basis for their explanation made it very difficult to access marks.
