2.8 Cell respiration

Description

Nature of science:
Assessing the ethics of scientific research—the use of invertebrates in respirometer experiments has ethical implications. (4.5)

Understandings:

Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.
ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell.
Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose.
Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose.

Applications and skills:

Application: Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking.
Application: Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions.
Skill: Analysis of results from experiments involving measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds or invertebrates using a respirometer.

Guidance:

Details of the metabolic pathways of cell respiration are not needed but the substrates and final waste products should be known.
There are many simple respirometers which could be used. Students are expected to know that an alkali is used to absorb CO₂, so reductions in volume are due to oxygen use. Temperature should be kept constant to avoid volume changes due to temperature fluctuations.

Aims:

Aim 8: The ethics of the use of animals in experiments could be discussed in relation to respirometer experiments. Large-scale use of food plants for biofuels and the resulting impact on food prices has ethical implications.

Directly related questions

21N.1.SL.TZ0.12:
A respirometer is used to measure the oxygen consumption of germinating seeds. The distance that the oil drop moves is measured at 15-minute intervals.

[Source: © The Royal Society of Biology.]

What is the function of chemical X?

A. Absorbs carbon dioxide so the oxygen released by the seeds can be measured

B. Absorbs carbon dioxide so the oxygen absorbed by the seeds can be measured

C. Absorbs oxygen so the carbon dioxide released by the seeds can be measured

D. Absorbs oxygen so the carbon dioxide absorbed by the seeds can be measured
21N.1.SL.TZ0.12:
A respirometer is used to measure the oxygen consumption of germinating seeds. The distance that the oil drop moves is measured at 15-minute intervals.

[Source: © The Royal Society of Biology.]

What is the function of chemical X?

A. Absorbs carbon dioxide so the oxygen released by the seeds can be measured

B. Absorbs carbon dioxide so the oxygen absorbed by the seeds can be measured

C. Absorbs oxygen so the carbon dioxide released by the seeds can be measured

D. Absorbs oxygen so the carbon dioxide absorbed by the seeds can be measured
21N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.i:
State one process that produces ATP.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.2a.ii: Suggest one conclusion that can be drawn from the results shown in the graph.
21N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.i:
State one process that produces ATP.
21N.2.SL.TZ0.b.i:
State one process that produces ATP.
21N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.ii:
Outline the use of ATP.
21N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.ii:
Outline the use of ATP.
21N.2.SL.TZ0.b.ii:
Outline the use of ATP.
22M.2.HL.TZ2.6a:
Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.
22M.2.HL.TZ2.6a:
Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.
22M.2.HL.TZ2.a:
Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.2a.ii: Suggest one conclusion that can be drawn from the results shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.2a.iii: Other than humidity, suggest a variable that would need to be controlled in this experiment.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.2a.iii: Other than humidity, suggest a variable that would need to be controlled in this experiment.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a.iii: Other than humidity, suggest a variable that would need to be controlled in this experiment.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a.ii: Suggest one conclusion that can be drawn from the results shown in the graph.
19M.1.SL.TZ1.11:
Yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were incubated with and without glucose at three different temperatures for a period of four minutes, during which the rate of CO₂ production was measured with a CO₂ sensor.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this experiment?

A. Yeast uses lipids rather than glucose in respiration at low temperatures.

B. Addition of glucose has a greater impact on rates of cell respiration at lower temperatures.

C. Rates of cell respiration increase with temperature.

D. More glucose is produced at higher temperatures.
19N.1.SL.TZ0.13:
The diagram shows a respirometer used to measure respiration rate in germinating seeds.

[Source: used with the kind permission of the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Biology]

What is the expected direction of movement of the fluid at X and the function of the fluid at Y?
19N.1.SL.TZ0.13:
The diagram shows a respirometer used to measure respiration rate in germinating seeds.

[Source: used with the kind permission of the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Biology]

What is the expected direction of movement of the fluid at X and the function of the fluid at Y?
17N.1.HL.TZ0.09:
A cricket was placed in a respirometer at constant temperature for ten minutes. The soap bubble moved along the pipette.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]

What was measured by the movement of the soap bubble?

A. Production of carbon dioxide

B. Volume of excretory products

C. Oxygen consumption

D. Release of heat
17N.1.HL.TZ0.09:
A cricket was placed in a respirometer at constant temperature for ten minutes. The soap bubble moved along the pipette.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]

What was measured by the movement of the soap bubble?

A. Production of carbon dioxide

B. Volume of excretory products

C. Oxygen consumption

D. Release of heat
18M.1.HL.TZ2.9: What is a requirement for accurate measurements of the rate of respiration using a...
18M.1.HL.TZ2.9: What is a requirement for accurate measurements of the rate of respiration using a...
18N.1.HL.TZ0.10: What are final products of photosynthesis and of aerobic respiration?
17N.1.SL.TZ0.12: Which process causes ADP to change to ATP? A. Hydrolysis B. Protein synthesis C. DNA...
17N.1.SL.TZ0.12: Which process causes ADP to change to ATP? A. Hydrolysis B. Protein synthesis C. DNA...
17N.1.SL.TZ0.19: An experiment was set up so that each test tube contained water at a pH of 6.3 and a pH...
17N.1.SL.TZ0.19: An experiment was set up so that each test tube contained water at a pH of 6.3 and a pH...
18N.2.HL.TZ0.6b:
Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic cell respiration.
19M.1.SL.TZ1.11:
Yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were incubated with and without glucose at three different temperatures for a period of four minutes, during which the rate of CO₂ production was measured with a CO₂ sensor.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What conclusion can be drawn from the results of this experiment?

A. Yeast uses lipids rather than glucose in respiration at low temperatures.

B. Addition of glucose has a greater impact on rates of cell respiration at lower temperatures.

C. Rates of cell respiration increase with temperature.

D. More glucose is produced at higher temperatures.
18N.1.HL.TZ0.10: What are final products of photosynthesis and of aerobic respiration?
19M.3.SL.TZ1.2a.i: Outline how O2 consumption is measured using a respirometer.
19N.2.SL.TZ0.3d:
Using the following table, compare and contrast anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts and in humans. The first row has been completed as an example.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.2a.i: Outline how O2 consumption is measured using a respirometer.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a.i: Outline how O2 consumption is measured using a respirometer.
21M.1.SL.TZ1.11: What is a difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in yeast? A....
18N.2.HL.TZ0.6b:
Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic cell respiration.
18N.2.HL.TZ0.b:
Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic cell respiration.
20N.1.SL.TZ0.11:
The diagram shows a respirometer.

[Source: Courtesy The Royal Society of Biology.]

What solution should be in the bottom of each tube and in which direction will the manometer fluid move?
20N.1.SL.TZ0.11:
The diagram shows a respirometer.

[Source: Courtesy The Royal Society of Biology.]

What solution should be in the bottom of each tube and in which direction will the manometer fluid move?
19N.2.SL.TZ0.3d:
Using the following table, compare and contrast anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts and in humans. The first row has been completed as an example.
21M.1.SL.TZ2.11:
The graph shows the results of an experimental investigation that compared the rates at which lactose, glucose and galactose are broken down in the process of anaerobic cellular respiration by the yeast Torulopsis cremoris.

[Source: Rogosa, M., 1948 Mechanism of the Fermentation of Lactose by Yeasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 175, p.418. (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.]

What can be concluded from these results?

A. Cellular respiration of lactose involves the production of glucose and galactose.

B. The breakdown of glucose and galactose occurs more slowly in the presence of lactose.

C. The rate of cellular respiration is greater for glucose than for lactose and galactose.

D. The percentage of sugar remaining after 42 hours is greater for galactose than glucose.
21M.1.SL.TZ2.11:
The graph shows the results of an experimental investigation that compared the rates at which lactose, glucose and galactose are broken down in the process of anaerobic cellular respiration by the yeast Torulopsis cremoris.

[Source: Rogosa, M., 1948 Mechanism of the Fermentation of Lactose by Yeasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 175, p.418. (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.]

What can be concluded from these results?

A. Cellular respiration of lactose involves the production of glucose and galactose.

B. The breakdown of glucose and galactose occurs more slowly in the presence of lactose.

C. The rate of cellular respiration is greater for glucose than for lactose and galactose.

D. The percentage of sugar remaining after 42 hours is greater for galactose than glucose.
22M.1.SL.TZ1.11: The graph shows the changes in lactate measured in an athlete’s blood during...
21M.1.SL.TZ1.11: What is a difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in yeast? A....
19N.2.SL.TZ0.d:
Using the following table, compare and contrast anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts and in humans. The first row has been completed as an example.
21M.2.SL.TZ1.2c: The process X uses oxygen and produces ATP. Identify the process X.
19N.1.SL.TZ0.12: Which compound is a waste product of anaerobic respiration in humans? A. Carbon dioxide B....
19N.1.SL.TZ0.12: Which compound is a waste product of anaerobic respiration in humans? A. Carbon dioxide B....
21M.2.SL.TZ1.2c: The process X uses oxygen and produces ATP. Identify the process X.
21M.2.SL.TZ1.c: The process X uses oxygen and produces ATP. Identify the process X.
22M.1.SL.TZ1.11: The graph shows the changes in lactate measured in an athlete’s blood during...
23M.1.HL.TZ1.22: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
22M.2.HL.TZ2.6b: The processes of photosynthesis and respiration have some factors in common and others differ....
22M.2.HL.TZ2.6b: The processes of photosynthesis and respiration have some factors in common and others differ....
22M.2.HL.TZ2.b: The processes of photosynthesis and respiration have some factors in common and others differ....
22M.2.SL.TZ2.3a:
Describe anaerobic respiration in humans and in yeast.
22M.2.SL.TZ2.3a:
Describe anaerobic respiration in humans and in yeast.
22M.2.SL.TZ2.a:
Describe anaerobic respiration in humans and in yeast.
23M.1.HL.TZ1.29: The diagram shows some reactions occurring during respiration in the mitochondrion. Energy that...
23M.1.SL.TZ1.28: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
23M.1.SL.TZ1.28: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
23M.1.HL.TZ1.29: The diagram shows some reactions occurring during respiration in the mitochondrion. Energy that...
23M.1.HL.TZ1.9: What is a consequence of anaerobic cell respiration in muscles? A. Large yield of readily...
23M.1.SL.TZ1.13: What is a consequence of anaerobic cell respiration in muscles? A. Large yield of readily...
23M.1.HL.TZ1.22: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
23M.2.SL.TZ2.7a:
Describe the organelles and other structures in animal cells that are visible in electron micrographs.
23M.1.SL.TZ1.13: What is a consequence of anaerobic cell respiration in muscles? A. Large yield of readily...
23M.1.HL.TZ1.9: What is a consequence of anaerobic cell respiration in muscles? A. Large yield of readily...
23M.1.SL.TZ2.12: Which equation represents a process in yeast that causes bread to rise? A. Glucose + oxygen →...
23M.2.SL.TZ2.7a:
Describe the organelles and other structures in animal cells that are visible in electron micrographs.
23M.1.SL.TZ2.12: Which equation represents a process in yeast that causes bread to rise? A. Glucose + oxygen →...
23M.2.SL.TZ2.a:
Describe the organelles and other structures in animal cells that are visible in electron micrographs.

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2.8 Cell respiration

Description

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