3.2 Periodic trends

Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom.

Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom.

Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom.

State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius.

State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius.

State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius.

State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P₄O₁₀ (s), with water.

State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P₄O₁₀ (s), with water.

State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P₄O₁₀ (s), with water.

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.

Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.

Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.

Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.

CaC₂(s) + H₂O(l) → C₂H₂(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)

Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.

Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.

CaC₂(s) + H₂O(l) → C₂H₂(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)

Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.

Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.

CaC₂(s) + H₂O(l) → C₂H₂(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)

Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.

Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.

Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.

Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.

Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.

Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.

Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.

Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.

Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.

Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.

Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.

Sodium oxide, Na₂O:

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀:

Differentiation:

Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.

Sodium oxide, Na₂O:

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀:

Differentiation:

Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.

Sodium oxide, Na₂O:

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀:

Differentiation:

Sketch how the first ionization energies of elements vary with their atomic radius.

Sketch how the first ionization energies of elements vary with their atomic radius.

Sketch how the first ionization energies of elements vary with their atomic radius.

Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.

Sodium oxide, Na₂O:

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀:

Differentiation:

Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.

Sodium oxide, Na₂O:

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀:

Differentiation:

Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V) oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.

Sodium oxide, Na₂O:

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀:

Differentiation:

Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a neutral solution.

Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a neutral solution.

Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a neutral solution.

Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.

Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety hazard.

Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.

Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety hazard.

Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.

Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety hazard.

Which trends are correct across period 3 (from Na to Cl)?

I.   Atomic radius decreases
II.  Melting point increases
III. First ionization energy increases

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Which trends are correct across period 3 (from Na to Cl)?

I.   Atomic radius decreases
II.  Melting point increases
III. First ionization energy increases

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.

Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.

Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.

CaC₂(s) + H₂O(l) → C₂H₂(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)

Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.

Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.

CaC₂(s) + H₂O(l) → C₂H₂(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)

Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.

Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.

CaC₂(s) + H₂O(l) → C₂H₂(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)

Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.

Outline why the ionic radius of K⁺ is smaller than that of Cl⁻.

Outline why the ionic radius of K⁺ is smaller than that of Cl⁻.

Outline why the ionic radius of K⁺ is smaller than that of Cl⁻.

Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties.

Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties.

Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties.

Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of ¹⁵N compares with that of ¹⁴N.

Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of ¹⁵N compares with that of ¹⁴N.

Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of ¹⁵N compares with that of ¹⁴N.

Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be predicted. Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.

Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be predicted. Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.

Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be predicted. Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.

Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.

Suggest the basis of these predictions.

Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.

Suggest the basis of these predictions.

Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.

Suggest the basis of these predictions.

Sketch how the first ionization energies of elements vary with their atomic radius.

Sketch how the first ionization energies of elements vary with their atomic radius.

Sketch how the first ionization energies of elements vary with their atomic radius.

Which of the following shows a general increase across period 3 from $\mathrm{Na}$ to $\mathrm{Cl}$?

A.  Ionic radius

B.  Atomic radius

C.  Ionization energy

D.  Melting point

Which of the following shows a general increase across period 3 from $\mathrm{Na}$ to $\mathrm{Cl}$?

A.  Ionic radius

B.  Atomic radius

C.  Ionization energy

D.  Melting point

Which oxide will dissolve in water to give the solution with the lowest pH?

A.  ${\mathrm{P}}_4{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$

B.  ${\mathrm{SiO}}_2$

C.  ${\mathrm{Al}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_3$

D.  $\mathrm{MgO}$

Which oxide will dissolve in water to give the solution with the lowest pH?

A.  ${\mathrm{P}}_4{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$

B.  ${\mathrm{SiO}}_2$

C.  ${\mathrm{Al}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_3$

D.  $\mathrm{MgO}$

State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius.

State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius.

State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius.

Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom.

Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom.

Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom.

Which of the following is the electron configuration of a metallic element?

A.  [Ne] 3s² 3p²

B.  [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴

C.  [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³ 4s²

D.  [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵

Which of the following is the electron configuration of a metallic element?

A.  [Ne] 3s² 3p²

B.  [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴

C.  [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³ 4s²

D.  [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵