Question 19N.2.HL.TZ0.a.ii

Economic development in two West African countries

      Ghana

1. Ghana is the world’s second largest cocoa producer and Africa’s second largest gold producer. It is one of Africa’s fastest growing economies and has made major progress in achieving persistent economic growth.
   
   
2. Over the last decade, Ghana has enjoyed increasingly stable and improving democratic governance. Four successful elections during the decade have strengthened the effectiveness of key national institutions, improved investor confidence and created an environment that promotes investment and growth.
   
   
3. Ghana enjoys a high degree of media freedom; the private press and broadcasters operate without significant restrictions. The media are free to criticize the authorities without fear of punishment, says the non governmental organization (NGO) Reporters Without Borders. The private press is allowed to express criticism of government policy, which increases the accountability and transparency of the government.
   
   
4. Although Ghana’s growth has been fairly strong, the source of growth has always been dominated by commodities and the capital-intensive services sector. Neither of these has a direct effect on poverty reduction. Growth in rural areas is often limited by basic infrastructure, such as roads. This limits the ability of people in rural areas to access markets in urban areas. 
   
   Nigeria
   
   
5. Nigeria is Africa’s leading oil producer. In 2016, it experienced its first full year of recession in 25 years. Global oil prices reached a 13-year low and oil production was drastically cut. Oil has continued to dominate Nigeria’s growth pattern, but the volatility of oil-dependent growth prevents progress in social and economic development.
   
   
6. On the political front, the transition from military dictatorship to democratic rule has been acclaimed as one of Nigeria’s major successes in the last decade. The 2011 general election, supported by the United Nations, was widely acknowledged by international observers and domestic monitors as one of the freest and fairest elections conducted in the country in recent years.
   
   Ghana and Nigeria
   
   
7. Both Ghana and Nigeria have cut fuel subsidies in order to reduce their budget deficits. This has had severe consequences for low-income households. 

Table 1: Selected economic data for Ghana and Nigeria

[Source: adapted from UNDP Ghana country profile, http://hdr.undp.org, accessed 19 February 2019;
UNDP Nigeria country profile, http://hdr.undp.org, accessed 19 February 2019; About Ghana, http://hdr.undp.org,
accessed 19 February 2019; About Nigeria, http://hdr.undp.org, accessed 19 February 2019]

* measles: a highly contagious disease that is one of the leading causes of death among young children