Question 23M.2.SL.TZ2.1h
| Date | May 2023 | Marks available | [Maximum mark: 1] | Reference code | 23M.2.SL.TZ2.1h |
| Level | SL | Paper | 2 | Time zone | TZ2 |
| Command term | Suggest | Question number | h | Adapted from | N/A |
Estimates were made of the extent of antibiotic use in low-income and middle-income countries. Graphs were constructed to show global estimates for the numbers of cases in LMICs per year of ARI treated with antibiotic in children under the age of 5. The estimates for LMICs were divided according to income: low income, lower-middle income and upper-middle income.
The graph shows estimates for three levels of vaccination for S. pneumoniae with PCV:
- no vaccination
- 2018 coverage: the vaccine coverage that there was in 2018
- universal coverage: predictions assuming that in the future all children in all LMICs receive the vaccination.
[Source: Adapted from Lewnard, J.A., Lo, N.C., Arinaminpathy, N. et al., 2020.
Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries.
Nature 581, pp. 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2238-4. Open access.]
When there is no vaccination, the estimated number of cases for lower-middle income countries is larger than in either low income or upper-middle income countries. Suggest one reason for this.
[1]
- higher population in lower-middle income countries/subgroup (compared to the other 2 subgroups);
- low income population may not have/have less access to medicine/antibiotics/vaccination (compared to lower-middle income population)/ low-income populations may not report data
OR
upper-middle population may have better living conditions/more adequate medical diagnoses (compared to lower-middle income population);
Lower-middle income subgroup is not the same as LMIC (includes all 3 subgroups). LMIC should not be used as equivalent.
Mpb: accept vice versa.
