Question 23M.2.SL.TZ2.f
| Date | May 2023 | Marks available | [Maximum mark: 2] | Reference code | 23M.2.SL.TZ2.f |
| Level | SL | Paper | 2 | Time zone | TZ2 |
| Command term | Deduce | Question number | f | Adapted from | N/A |
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a frequent reason for antibiotic use among children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). S. pneumoniae is the predominant, but not the only, cause of ARI in children.
In a large-scale study, data were collected in 18 LMICs from 65 815 children under the age of 5. The data were analysed to estimate the fraction of ARI cases among the children that could be attributed to S. pneumoniae as shown in the graphs.
The upper estimate in the graphs is for all cases, whether or not they were treated with antibiotics. The lower estimate is for the subset of cases that required antibiotic treatment. The range of estimates is shown by violin plots, with a point for the median estimate and lines for 95 % confidence intervals.
[Source: Adapted from Lewnard, J.A., Lo, N.C., Arinaminpathy, N. et al., 2020. Childhood vaccines
and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries. Nature 581, pp. 94–99.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2238-4. Open access.]
Using the data in the violin plots, deduce the age range at which children are most likely to develop ARI due to S. pneumoniae.
[2]
- 2 – 5 years;
- higher number/value/percentage/attributable fraction for 2 – 5 years (than 0 – 5years);
