Topic 11: Animal physiology

Describe the production of hybridoma cells.

Describe the role of ADH in human osmoregulation.

Describe the production of hybridoma cells.

Describe the production of hybridoma cells.

Describe the role of ADH in human osmoregulation.

Describe the role of ADH in human osmoregulation.

Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.

Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Concerns have been raised about the effect of rising pollution levels on sperm production in men. To investigate the possible effects of pollution on spermatogenesis, sperm samples from men of similar ages were collected in Kolkata in the 1980s and 2000s. The box plot represents the mean and range of sperm counts in the 1980s and 2000s.

[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier Science and Technology Journals, from ‘Semen quality and age-specific changes: A study between two decades on 3729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and attending an andrology laboratory for infertility-related problems in an Indian city’, Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay, Alex C. Varghese, Manisha Pal, Sudip K. Banerjee, Asok K. Bhattacharyya, Rakesh K. Sharma, and Ashok Agarwal, Fertility and Sterility, 93 (7), 2009; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc]

A hypothesis has been suggested that pollution may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis. Evaluate whether the data support this hypothesis.

Concerns have been raised about the effect of rising pollution levels on sperm production in men. To investigate the possible effects of pollution on spermatogenesis, sperm samples from men of similar ages were collected in Kolkata in the 1980s and 2000s. The box plot represents the mean and range of sperm counts in the 1980s and 2000s.

[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier Science and Technology Journals, from ‘Semen quality and age-specific changes: A study between two decades on 3729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and attending an andrology laboratory for infertility-related problems in an Indian city’, Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay, Alex C. Varghese, Manisha Pal, Sudip K. Banerjee, Asok K. Bhattacharyya, Rakesh K. Sharma, and Ashok Agarwal, Fertility and Sterility, 93 (7), 2009; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc]

A hypothesis has been suggested that pollution may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis. Evaluate whether the data support this hypothesis.

Concerns have been raised about the effect of rising pollution levels on sperm production in men. To investigate the possible effects of pollution on spermatogenesis, sperm samples from men of similar ages were collected in Kolkata in the 1980s and 2000s. The box plot represents the mean and range of sperm counts in the 1980s and 2000s.

[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier Science and Technology Journals, from ‘Semen quality and age-specific changes: A study between two decades on 3729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and attending an andrology laboratory for infertility-related problems in an Indian city’, Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay, Alex C. Varghese, Manisha Pal, Sudip K. Banerjee, Asok K. Bhattacharyya, Rakesh K. Sharma, and Ashok Agarwal, Fertility and Sterility, 93 (7), 2009; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc]

A hypothesis has been suggested that pollution may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis. Evaluate whether the data support this hypothesis.

Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.

Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.

Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.

Explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes.

Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.

Explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes.

What structure is indicated by the arrows?

[Source: Courtesy Roger Craig, University of Massachusetts]

A. One muscle fibre

B. One sarcomere

C. One myofibril

D. One Z line

Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.

Explain how insects excrete nitrogenous wastes.

Outline the roles of estrogen and progesterone in females during human reproduction.

What structure is indicated by the arrows?

[Source: Courtesy Roger Craig, University of Massachusetts]

A. One muscle fibre

B. One sarcomere

C. One myofibril

D. One Z line

The diagram shows the female reproductive system.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]

Which structures do K and L identify?

The diagram shows the female reproductive system.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]

Which structures do K and L identify?

Mucus traps pathogenic bacteria. Mucus also attracts viruses that attack pathogenic bacteria.

[Source: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY]

What part of the immune system do these viruses resemble in their function?

A. Antigens

B. Antibodies

C. Memory cells

D. Antibiotics

Mucus traps pathogenic bacteria. Mucus also attracts viruses that attack pathogenic bacteria.

[Source: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY]

What part of the immune system do these viruses resemble in their function?

A. Antigens

B. Antibodies

C. Memory cells

D. Antibiotics

Outline the roles of estrogen and progesterone in females during human reproduction.

Outline the roles of estrogen and progesterone in females during human reproduction.

Explain the process of muscle contraction.

Explain the process of muscle contraction.

Explain the process of muscle contraction.

Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.

Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.

Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.

The diagram shows two states of skeletal muscle, relaxed and contracted.

[Source: Provophys/Wikipedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]

Which process is part of muscle contraction?

A. Myosin filaments cause the actin filaments to shorten.

B. Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to the myosin heads.

C. ATP provides energy for the movement of the myosin heads.

D. Ca²⁺ binds to tropomyosin and uncovers troponin.

The diagram shows two states of skeletal muscle, relaxed and contracted.

[Source: Provophys/Wikipedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]

Which process is part of muscle contraction?

A. Myosin filaments cause the actin filaments to shorten.

B. Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to the myosin heads.

C. ATP provides energy for the movement of the myosin heads.

D. Ca²⁺ binds to tropomyosin and uncovers troponin.

The diagram shows the chromosomes derived from a single homologous pair following meiosis in a diploid cell.

Which diagram represents the homologous pair from which these chromosomes were derived?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Label region X and structure Y on the diagram of the kidney.

[Source: PeterHermesFurian/iStock]

Label region X and structure Y on the diagram of the kidney.

[Source: PeterHermesFurian/iStock]

Label region X and structure Y on the diagram of the kidney.

[Source: PeterHermesFurian/iStock]

The image shows a light micrograph of tissue stained with a dye that binds to the nucleic acids in a cell.

[Source: by Jose Luis Calvo/Shutterstock]

What is the major purpose of the tissue depicted in the image?

A. Absorption of digested food

B. Production of insulin

C. Spermatogenesis

D. Fertilization

The diagram shows the chromosomes derived from a single homologous pair following meiosis in a diploid cell.

Which diagram represents the homologous pair from which these chromosomes were derived?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The image shows a light micrograph of tissue stained with a dye that binds to the nucleic acids in a cell.

[Source: by Jose Luis Calvo/Shutterstock]

What is the major purpose of the tissue depicted in the image?

A. Absorption of digested food

B. Production of insulin

C. Spermatogenesis

D. Fertilization

The table shows the results of blood type tests on samples from four individuals. Which row represents an individual who can accept transfusions from people with blood type AB?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The table shows the results of blood type tests on samples from four individuals. Which row represents an individual who can accept transfusions from people with blood type AB?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The image shows a transverse section through a collecting duct in a vertebrate kidney.

[Source: Professor Peter Takizawa, Yale University]

How is the movement of materials across the wall of the collecting duct affected by the release of ADH from the pituitary gland?

A. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow I.

B. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow I.

C. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow II.

D. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow II.

The image shows a transverse section through a collecting duct in a vertebrate kidney.

[Source: Professor Peter Takizawa, Yale University]

How is the movement of materials across the wall of the collecting duct affected by the release of ADH from the pituitary gland?

A. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow I.

B. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow I.

C. There is increased movement of water in the direction of arrow II.

D. There is increased movement of sodium in the direction of arrow II.

Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.

Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.

Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.

Explain the role of the kidney in osmoregulation.

The diagram shows a section through a seminiferous tubule.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Which labelled cells are diploid and haploid, respectively?

The diagram shows a section through a seminiferous tubule.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Which labelled cells are diploid and haploid, respectively?

The graph shows three hormones circulating during pregnancy in the rat, with birth occurring at 22 days.

[Source: Dr Paul Kenyon University of Plymouth (retired).]

What are hormones X and Z?

The graph shows three hormones circulating during pregnancy in the rat, with birth occurring at 22 days.

[Source: Dr Paul Kenyon University of Plymouth (retired).]

What are hormones X and Z?

Explain the role of the kidney in osmoregulation.

Explain the role of the kidney in osmoregulation.

The diagram represents a sarcomere. Which structure is myosin?

[Source: MPI of Molecular Plant Physiology. [Sarcomere]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.macroevolution.net/sarcomere.html [accessed 4 April 2019]. Source adapted.]

The diagram represents a sarcomere. Which structure is myosin?

[Source: MPI of Molecular Plant Physiology. [Sarcomere]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.macroevolution.net/sarcomere.html [accessed 4 April 2019]. Source adapted.]

The graph shows changes in the concentration of an antibody in the blood of an individual subjected to two separate infections at time X and time Y.

The graph shows changes in the concentration of an antibody in the blood of an individual subjected to two separate infections at time X and time Y.

The pregnancy test for humans is based on detection of the hormone HCG. What is the reason for detection of this hormone indicating pregnancy?

A. HCG is involved in milk production.

B. HCG production is blocked by negative feedback during menstruation.

C. HCG is produced by an embryo.

D. HCG is released during the acrosome reaction.

The diagram shows structures involved in contraction of a sarcomere.

The pregnancy test for humans is based on detection of the hormone HCG. What is the reason for detection of this hormone indicating pregnancy?

A. HCG is involved in milk production.

B. HCG production is blocked by negative feedback during menstruation.

C. HCG is produced by an embryo.

D. HCG is released during the acrosome reaction.

The diagram shows structures involved in contraction of a sarcomere.

Plasma cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens. Outline how plasma cells become activated.

Plasma cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens. Outline how plasma cells become activated.

What function is maintained as a result of the release of HCG?

A. Production of milk by the mammary glands

B. Release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary gland

C. Production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland

D. Production of progesterone by the ovary

Plasma cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens. Outline how plasma cells become activated.

A hybridoma is a cell produced by the fusion of a plasma cell with a tumour cell. Explain the advantages of using hybridoma cells in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

What function is maintained as a result of the release of HCG?

A. Production of milk by the mammary glands

B. Release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary gland

C. Production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland

D. Production of progesterone by the ovary

A hybridoma is a cell produced by the fusion of a plasma cell with a tumour cell. Explain the advantages of using hybridoma cells in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

A hybridoma is a cell produced by the fusion of a plasma cell with a tumour cell. Explain the advantages of using hybridoma cells in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

State one use of monoclonal antibodies.

State one use of monoclonal antibodies.

State one use of monoclonal antibodies.

Explain the production of antibodies in humans.

The diagram shows a section through the seminiferous tubules. What is the cell labelled X?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

A. Spermatid that will differentiate into sperm

B. Primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes

C. Sertoli cell that provides nutrients

D. Stem cell that will divide by mitosis to form spermatogonia

The diagram shows a section through the seminiferous tubules. What is the cell labelled X?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

A. Spermatid that will differentiate into sperm

B. Primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes

C. Sertoli cell that provides nutrients

D. Stem cell that will divide by mitosis to form spermatogonia

The diagram shows a method for the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Explain the production of antibodies in humans.

The diagram shows a method for the production of monoclonal antibodies.

The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.

[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]

What occurs during muscle contraction?

A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.

B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.

C. The bands labelled X get shorter.

D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.

Explain the production of antibodies in humans.

The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.

[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]

What occurs during muscle contraction?

A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.

B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.

C. The bands labelled X get shorter.

D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.

Where in the nephron is most glucose reabsorbed?

[Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, n.d. [Nephron]. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/media-library/9164 [Accessed 23 March 2020].]

Where in the nephron is most glucose reabsorbed?

[Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, n.d. [Nephron]. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/media-library/9164 [Accessed 23 March 2020].]

The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?

The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?

Explain how water balance is restored in mammals when they are dehydrated.

Explain the mechanism that prevents polyspermy during fertilization.

Explain how water balance is restored in mammals when they are dehydrated.

Explain the mechanism that prevents polyspermy during fertilization.

Explain the mechanism that prevents polyspermy during fertilization.

Explain how water balance is restored in mammals when they are dehydrated.

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.

Humans need to balance water and solute concentrations and also excrete nitrogenous wastes. Explain how the different parts of the kidney carry out these processes.

Humans need to balance water and solute concentrations and also excrete nitrogenous wastes. Explain how the different parts of the kidney carry out these processes.

Humans need to balance water and solute concentrations and also excrete nitrogenous wastes. Explain how the different parts of the kidney carry out these processes.

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.

The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres in myofibrils of striated muscle during muscle contraction. The lines P–Q and R–S show two regions of one sarcomere.

[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier - Health Sciences Division from Cell by Don W. Fawcett 1981 ; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

How would regions P–Q and R–S change when the muscle relaxes?

Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.

Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.

Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.

The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres in myofibrils of striated muscle during muscle contraction. The lines P–Q and R–S show two regions of one sarcomere.

[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier - Health Sciences Division from Cell by Don W. Fawcett 1981 ; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

How would regions P–Q and R–S change when the muscle relaxes?

The micrograph shows a glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, where ultrafiltration takes place in the kidney.

[Source: MICROSCAPE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY.]

What facilitates the formation of glomerular filtrate?

A. Many fenestrations in walls of capillaries in the glomerulus

B. High pressure in the Bowman’s capsule

C. ADH secreted by the pituitary gland

D. Osmosis caused by a high concentration of urea in the blood

The micrograph shows a glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, where ultrafiltration takes place in the kidney.

[Source: MICROSCAPE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY.]

What facilitates the formation of glomerular filtrate?

A. Many fenestrations in walls of capillaries in the glomerulus

B. High pressure in the Bowman’s capsule

C. ADH secreted by the pituitary gland

D. Osmosis caused by a high concentration of urea in the blood

Movement of insects requires muscles in antagonistic pairs. The diagram shows an insect leg with muscles labelled X and Y.

[Source: Johnson, S.K., n.d. [Insect leg]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.susankjohnson.com/portfolio.shtml
[Accessed 26 October 2021].]

What actions in the human arm are equivalent to muscle X contracting and muscle Y relaxing?

A.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm extends

B.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm flexes

C.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm flexes

D.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm extends

Movement of insects requires muscles in antagonistic pairs. The diagram shows an insect leg with muscles labelled X and Y.

[Source: Johnson, S.K., n.d. [Insect leg]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.susankjohnson.com/portfolio.shtml
[Accessed 26 October 2021].]

What actions in the human arm are equivalent to muscle X contracting and muscle Y relaxing?

A.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm extends

B.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm flexes

C.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm flexes

D.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm extends

State the region of the kidney in which the loop of Henle is situated.

State the region of the kidney in which the loop of Henle is situated.

State the region of the kidney in which the loop of Henle is situated.

A person with failing kidneys is often treated with dialysis several times a week. This is done either by passing blood through a dialysis machine or by using the peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen, as shown in the diagram.

[Source: National Kidney Foundation, n.d. Peritoneal dialysis. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.kidney.org/content/what-peritoneal-dialysis [Accessed 26 October 2021].]

Dialysis fluid is similar to normal blood plasma. What would be in solution in the dialysis fluid?

A.  Sugar, salts and urea

B.  Salts and urea only

C.  Sugar only

D.  Sugar and salts only

Explain the role of the hormone ADH in osmoregulation.

A person with failing kidneys is often treated with dialysis several times a week. This is done either by passing blood through a dialysis machine or by using the peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen, as shown in the diagram.

[Source: National Kidney Foundation, n.d. Peritoneal dialysis. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.kidney.org/content/what-peritoneal-dialysis [Accessed 26 October 2021].]

Dialysis fluid is similar to normal blood plasma. What would be in solution in the dialysis fluid?

A.  Sugar, salts and urea

B.  Salts and urea only

C.  Sugar only

D.  Sugar and salts only

Explain the role of the hormone ADH in osmoregulation.

Explain the role of the hormone ADH in osmoregulation.

Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.

Suggest how the graph would differ for a human during a long period of inactivity.

Suggest how the graph would differ for a human during a long period of inactivity.

Suggest how the graph would differ for a human during a long period of inactivity.

Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.

Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.

Explain how cells in the bloodstream cause a specific immune response.

Outline how the muscle attachment of insects differs from humans.

Outline how the muscle attachment of insects differs from humans.

Outline how the muscle attachment of insects differs from humans.

Explain how cells in the bloodstream cause a specific immune response.

Explain how cells in the bloodstream cause a specific immune response.