4.4 Climate change

Discuss the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures.

Discuss the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures.

Discuss the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures.

Suggest a reason for a larger percentage of corals being infected with white syndrome on reefs with a higher cover of corals.

Suggest a reason for a larger percentage of corals being infected with white syndrome on reefs with a higher cover of corals.

Suggest a reason for a larger percentage of corals being infected with white syndrome on reefs with a higher cover of corals.

Compare and contrast the data for 1998–1999 and 2002–2003.

Compare and contrast the data for 1998–1999 and 2002–2003.

Compare and contrast the data for 1998–1999 and 2002–2003.

Describe the evidence that is provided by the data in the table for the harmful effects of rising sea temperatures on corals.

Describe the evidence that is provided by the data in the table for the harmful effects of rising sea temperatures on corals.

Describe the evidence that is provided by the data in the table for the harmful effects of rising sea temperatures on corals.

Some scientists predict that, if humans continue to produce carbon dioxide at the current rate, the pH of the oceans will become more acidic. Suggest possible effects on the coral reefs.

Some scientists predict that, if humans continue to produce carbon dioxide at the current rate, the pH of the oceans will become more acidic. Suggest possible effects on the coral reefs.

Some scientists predict that, if humans continue to produce carbon dioxide at the current rate, the pH of the oceans will become more acidic. Suggest possible effects on the coral reefs.

Outline how greenhouse gases interact with radiation and contribute to global warming.

Outline how greenhouse gases interact with radiation and contribute to global warming.

Outline how greenhouse gases interact with radiation and contribute to global warming.

Deforestation and agricultural activities including the production of crops and livestock are thought to play a major role in the greenhouse effect. The graph shows annual trends in rates of deforestation and the production of soybeans and cattle in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil in the period from 2001 to 2010.

[Source: 'Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late 2000s.'
Marcia N. Macedo, Ruth S. DeFries, Douglas C. Morton, Claudia M. Stickler, Gillian L. Galford, and Yosio E.
Shimabukuro PNAS January 24, 2012, 109 (4) 1341–1346; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111374109,
used with permission]

What conclusion can be drawn from the information in this graph?

A. The decline in rates of deforestation led to an increase in production of CO2.

B. Soybean production accounted for a greater proportion of deforestation than cattle production.

C. Forest habitats declined during the first few years of the study.

D. The decline in rates of deforestation is due to an increase in soybean production.

Deforestation and agricultural activities including the production of crops and livestock are thought to play a major role in the greenhouse effect. The graph shows annual trends in rates of deforestation and the production of soybeans and cattle in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil in the period from 2001 to 2010.

[Source: 'Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late 2000s.'
Marcia N. Macedo, Ruth S. DeFries, Douglas C. Morton, Claudia M. Stickler, Gillian L. Galford, and Yosio E.
Shimabukuro PNAS January 24, 2012, 109 (4) 1341–1346; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111374109,
used with permission]

What conclusion can be drawn from the information in this graph?

A. The decline in rates of deforestation led to an increase in production of CO2.

B. Soybean production accounted for a greater proportion of deforestation than cattle production.

C. Forest habitats declined during the first few years of the study.

D. The decline in rates of deforestation is due to an increase in soybean production.

By the end of the 19th century in England, the dark form of the moth Biston betularia formed up to 98$$% of the total population in industrial areas. From 1970, the percentage of dark forms decreased significantly. What is an explanation for the decrease?

A.  An increase in environmental pollution killed the dark forms more than the light forms.

B.  Reduction of pollution resulted in greater camouflage for light forms of the moth.

C.  Dark forms could no longer find mates.

D.  Light forms had superior feeding mechanisms.

By the end of the 19th century in England, the dark form of the moth Biston betularia formed up to 98$$% of the total population in industrial areas. From 1970, the percentage of dark forms decreased significantly. What is an explanation for the decrease?

A.  An increase in environmental pollution killed the dark forms more than the light forms.

B.  Reduction of pollution resulted in greater camouflage for light forms of the moth.

C.  Dark forms could no longer find mates.

D.  Light forms had superior feeding mechanisms.

The graph shows atmospheric oxygen levels over time.

About 2.5 billion years ago, a significant rise in atmospheric oxygen occurred. What was the cause of this rise?

A. Photosynthesis by non-vascular land plants

B. Photosynthesis by vascular land plants

C. Oxygen produced by photosynthetic bacteria being released from the ocean into the atmosphere

D. Volcanic activity

The graph shows atmospheric oxygen levels over time.

About 2.5 billion years ago, a significant rise in atmospheric oxygen occurred. What was the cause of this rise?

A. Photosynthesis by non-vascular land plants

B. Photosynthesis by vascular land plants

C. Oxygen produced by photosynthetic bacteria being released from the ocean into the atmosphere

D. Volcanic activity

The map shows the widespread distribution of coral reef ecosystems (indicated by black dots) in the world’s oceans. Death of coral reefs is related to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

[Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021. Where Reef Building Corals Found. [map online] Available at: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/media/supp_coral05a.html [Accessed 20 May 2021].]

Explain how increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can lead to coral death.

The map shows the widespread distribution of coral reef ecosystems (indicated by black dots) in the world’s oceans. Death of coral reefs is related to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

[Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021. Where Reef Building Corals Found. [map online] Available at: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/media/supp_coral05a.html [Accessed 20 May 2021].]

Explain how increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can lead to coral death.

The map shows the widespread distribution of coral reef ecosystems (indicated by black dots) in the world’s oceans. Death of coral reefs is related to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

[Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021. Where Reef Building Corals Found. [map online] Available at: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/media/supp_coral05a.html [Accessed 20 May 2021].]

Explain how increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can lead to coral death.

Which gases have made the most significant contributions to global warming?

A. Water and carbon dioxide

B. Carbon dioxide and methane

C. Methane and nitrous oxide

D. Carbon dioxide and ozone

Which gases have made the most significant contributions to global warming?

A. Water and carbon dioxide

B. Carbon dioxide and methane

C. Methane and nitrous oxide

D. Carbon dioxide and ozone

The researchers concluded that there was a threshold coral cover percentage, below which infection rates tended to remain fairly low. Using the data in the table, identify this threshold level.

The researchers concluded that there was a threshold coral cover percentage, below which infection rates tended to remain fairly low. Using the data in the table, identify this threshold level.

The researchers concluded that there was a threshold coral cover percentage, below which infection rates tended to remain fairly low. Using the data in the table, identify this threshold level.

Calculate the increase in mean global temperature between 1880 and 2010.

.......... °C

Calculate the increase in mean global temperature between 1880 and 2010.

.......... °C

Calculate the increase in mean global temperature between 1880 and 2010.

.......... °C

Explain how increased carbon dioxide in the air leads to the greenhouse effect.

Explain how increased carbon dioxide in the air leads to the greenhouse effect.

Explain how increased carbon dioxide in the air leads to the greenhouse effect.

It has been argued that variation in the global mean surface temperature has been caused by variation in energy from the Sun. Analyse whether evidence from the graphs supports this argument.

It has been argued that variation in the global mean surface temperature has been caused by variation in energy from the Sun. Analyse whether evidence from the graphs supports this argument.

It has been argued that variation in the global mean surface temperature has been caused by variation in energy from the Sun. Analyse whether evidence from the graphs supports this argument.

Explain how increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide contribute to global warming.

Explain how increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide contribute to global warming.

Explain how increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide contribute to global warming.

Label with a P on the $x$-axis the level of commercial sea fishing activity that would result in maximum sustainability.

Label with a P on the $x$-axis the level of commercial sea fishing activity that would result in maximum sustainability.

Label with a P on the $x$-axis the level of commercial sea fishing activity that would result in maximum sustainability.

State two variables measured by the probes.

1: 

2: 

State two variables measured by the probes.

1: 

2: 

State two variables measured by the probes.

1: 

2: 

Duckweed (Lemna gibba) is a plant that grows on the surface of water. It was grown in cultures and the percentage increase in total area covered per day was obtained. The graph shows the specific growth rates per day for duckweed measured over 22 days.

^{[Source: Material from: Mkandawire, M. and Dudel, E.G., Assignment of Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) bioassay for in situ
ecotoxicity assessment, published 2005, Aquatic Ecology, reproduced with permission of SNCSC.]}

Suggest reasons for the slowing down of duckweed population growth after day 6.

Duckweed (Lemna gibba) is a plant that grows on the surface of water. It was grown in cultures and the percentage increase in total area covered per day was obtained. The graph shows the specific growth rates per day for duckweed measured over 22 days.

^{[Source: Material from: Mkandawire, M. and Dudel, E.G., Assignment of Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) bioassay for in situ
ecotoxicity assessment, published 2005, Aquatic Ecology, reproduced with permission of SNCSC.]}

Suggest reasons for the slowing down of duckweed population growth after day 6.

Explain how temperature affects enzymes.

Explain how temperature affects enzymes.

Explain how temperature affects enzymes.