B.9 Biological pigments (HL only)

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

Explain why the affinity for oxygen of foetal hemoglobin differs from that of adult hemoglobin.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

Explain why the affinity for oxygen of foetal hemoglobin differs from that of adult hemoglobin.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

Explain why the affinity for oxygen of foetal hemoglobin differs from that of adult hemoglobin.

State the half-equation for the reduction of molecular oxygen to water in acidic conditions.

State the half-equation for the reduction of molecular oxygen to water in acidic conditions.

State the half-equation for the reduction of molecular oxygen to water in acidic conditions.

Outline why anthocyanins are coloured.

Outline why anthocyanins are coloured.

Outline why anthocyanins are coloured.

Hemoglobin’s oxygen dissociation curve is shown at a given temperature. Sketch the curve on the graph at a higher temperature.

Hemoglobin’s oxygen dissociation curve is shown at a given temperature. Sketch the curve on the graph at a higher temperature.

Hemoglobin’s oxygen dissociation curve is shown at a given temperature. Sketch the curve on the graph at a higher temperature.

Outline two differences between normal hemoglobin and foetal hemoglobin.

Outline two differences between normal hemoglobin and foetal hemoglobin.

Outline two differences between normal hemoglobin and foetal hemoglobin.

Explain why carbon monoxide is very toxic and how it may be possible to treat carbon monoxide poisoning.

Explain why carbon monoxide is very toxic and how it may be possible to treat carbon monoxide poisoning.

Explain why carbon monoxide is very toxic and how it may be possible to treat carbon monoxide poisoning.

The absorption spectrum of β-carotene is shown below.

Explain its colour in terms of its absorption bands. Use section 17 of the data booklet.

The absorption spectrum of β-carotene is shown below.

Explain its colour in terms of its absorption bands. Use section 17 of the data booklet.

The absorption spectrum of β-carotene is shown below.

Explain its colour in terms of its absorption bands. Use section 17 of the data booklet.

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a is shown below.

Suggest how the combination of chlorophyll a and carotenoids is beneficial for photosynthesis.

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a is shown below.

Suggest how the combination of chlorophyll a and carotenoids is beneficial for photosynthesis.

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a is shown below.

Suggest how the combination of chlorophyll a and carotenoids is beneficial for photosynthesis.

Identify the splitting pattern of signals X and Y.

X:

Y:

Identify the splitting pattern of signals X and Y.

X:

Y:

Identify the splitting pattern of signals X and Y.

X:

Y:

Deduce the protons responsible for signals X and Y by marking them on the structure of aspirin in (a). Use section 27 of the data booklet.

Deduce the protons responsible for signals X and Y by marking them on the structure of aspirin in (a). Use section 27 of the data booklet.

Deduce the protons responsible for signals X and Y by marking them on the structure of aspirin in (a). Use section 27 of the data booklet.

Explain why the blue colour of a quinoidal base changes to the red colour of a flavylium cation as pH decreases.

Explain why the blue colour of a quinoidal base changes to the red colour of a flavylium cation as pH decreases.

Explain why the blue colour of a quinoidal base changes to the red colour of a flavylium cation as pH decreases.

Outline why the complex formed between Fe²⁺ and oxygen is red. Refer to the diagram above and section 17 of the data booklet.

Outline why the complex formed between Fe²⁺ and oxygen is red. Refer to the diagram above and section 17 of the data booklet.

Outline why the complex formed between Fe²⁺ and oxygen is red. Refer to the diagram above and section 17 of the data booklet.

Explain the shape of the curve.

Explain the shape of the curve.

Explain the shape of the curve.