C.2 Fossil fuels

“Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the fuel. Explain, including an equation with structural formulas, how heptane, C₇H₁₆, could be chemically converted to increase its octane number.

“Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the fuel. Explain, including an equation with structural formulas, how heptane, C₇H₁₆, could be chemically converted to increase its octane number.

“Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the fuel. Explain, including an equation with structural formulas, how heptane, C₇H₁₆, could be chemically converted to increase its octane number.

The performance of hydrocarbons as fuels can be improved by catalytic reforming.

Outline how catalytic reforming increases a fuel’s octane rating.

The performance of hydrocarbons as fuels can be improved by catalytic reforming.

Outline how catalytic reforming increases a fuel’s octane rating.

The performance of hydrocarbons as fuels can be improved by catalytic reforming.

Outline how catalytic reforming increases a fuel’s octane rating.

Formulate equation(s) for the conversion of coal and steam to methane.

Formulate equation(s) for the conversion of coal and steam to methane.

Formulate equation(s) for the conversion of coal and steam to methane.

Methane can also be obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.

[Source: Image used with kind permission of science-resources.co.uk]

Draw a circle on the diagram to show where the methane fraction is withdrawn.

Methane can also be obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.

[Source: Image used with kind permission of science-resources.co.uk]

Draw a circle on the diagram to show where the methane fraction is withdrawn.

Methane can also be obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.

[Source: Image used with kind permission of science-resources.co.uk]

Draw a circle on the diagram to show where the methane fraction is withdrawn.

Crude oil can be converted into fuels by fractional distillation and cracking.

Contrast these two processes.

Crude oil can be converted into fuels by fractional distillation and cracking.

Contrast these two processes.

Crude oil can be converted into fuels by fractional distillation and cracking.

Contrast these two processes.

Hydrocarbons need treatment to increase their octane number to prevent pre-ignition (knocking) before they can be used in internal combustion engines.

Describe how this is carried out and the molecular changes that take place.

Hydrocarbons need treatment to increase their octane number to prevent pre-ignition (knocking) before they can be used in internal combustion engines.

Describe how this is carried out and the molecular changes that take place.

Hydrocarbons need treatment to increase their octane number to prevent pre-ignition (knocking) before they can be used in internal combustion engines.

Describe how this is carried out and the molecular changes that take place.

Methane can also be obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.

Draw a circle on the diagram to show where the methane fraction is withdrawn.

Methane can also be obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.

Draw a circle on the diagram to show where the methane fraction is withdrawn.

Methane can also be obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.

Draw a circle on the diagram to show where the methane fraction is withdrawn.

Show that, for combustion of equal masses of fuel, ethanol (M_r = 46 g mol⁻¹) has a lower carbon footprint than octane (M_r = 114 g mol⁻¹).

Show that, for combustion of equal masses of fuel, ethanol (M_r = 46 g mol⁻¹) has a lower carbon footprint than octane (M_r = 114 g mol⁻¹).

Show that, for combustion of equal masses of fuel, ethanol (M_r = 46 g mol⁻¹) has a lower carbon footprint than octane (M_r = 114 g mol⁻¹).

Hydrocarbons need treatment to increase their octane number to prevent pre-ignition (knocking) before they can be used in internal combustion engines.

Describe how this is carried out and the molecular changes that take place.

Hydrocarbons need treatment to increase their octane number to prevent pre-ignition (knocking) before they can be used in internal combustion engines.

Describe how this is carried out and the molecular changes that take place.

Hydrocarbons need treatment to increase their octane number to prevent pre-ignition (knocking) before they can be used in internal combustion engines.

Describe how this is carried out and the molecular changes that take place.

Crude oil can be converted into fuels by fractional distillation and cracking.

Contrast these two processes.

Crude oil can be converted into fuels by fractional distillation and cracking.

Contrast these two processes.

Crude oil can be converted into fuels by fractional distillation and cracking.

Contrast these two processes.

Outline the evidence that relates global warming to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Outline the evidence that relates global warming to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Outline the evidence that relates global warming to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Many like to refer to our “carbon footprint”. Outline one difficulty in quantifying such a concept.

Many like to refer to our “carbon footprint”. Outline one difficulty in quantifying such a concept.

Many like to refer to our “carbon footprint”. Outline one difficulty in quantifying such a concept.

Identify an element, other than carbon and hydrogen, found at significant concentrations in fossil fuels.

Identify an element, other than carbon and hydrogen, found at significant concentrations in fossil fuels.

Identify an element, other than carbon and hydrogen, found at significant concentrations in fossil fuels.

Petroleum contains many hydrocarbons. Explain how these are separated by fractional distillation.

Petroleum contains many hydrocarbons. Explain how these are separated by fractional distillation.

Petroleum contains many hydrocarbons. Explain how these are separated by fractional distillation.

Formulate an equation for the cracking of C₁₆H₃₄ into two products with eight carbon atoms each.

Formulate an equation for the cracking of C₁₆H₃₄ into two products with eight carbon atoms each.

Formulate an equation for the cracking of C₁₆H₃₄ into two products with eight carbon atoms each.

Identify, giving a reason, which product in (b)(i) could be used in petrol (gasoline).

Identify, giving a reason, which product in (b)(i) could be used in petrol (gasoline).

Identify, giving a reason, which product in (b)(i) could be used in petrol (gasoline).

Outline how higher octane fuels help eliminate “knocking” in engines.

Outline how higher octane fuels help eliminate “knocking” in engines.

Outline how higher octane fuels help eliminate “knocking” in engines.

Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide produced by the complete combustion of 72.0 dm³ octane, C₈H₁₈.

Density of C₈H₁₈ = 703 g dm⁻³

C₈H₁₈ (l) + 12.5O₂ (g) → 8CO₂ (g) + 9H₂O (g)

Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide produced by the complete combustion of 72.0 dm³ octane, C₈H₁₈.

Density of C₈H₁₈ = 703 g dm⁻³

C₈H₁₈ (l) + 12.5O₂ (g) → 8CO₂ (g) + 9H₂O (g)

Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide produced by the complete combustion of 72.0 dm³ octane, C₈H₁₈.

Density of C₈H₁₈ = 703 g dm⁻³

C₈H₁₈ (l) + 12.5O₂ (g) → 8CO₂ (g) + 9H₂O (g)

Formulate equation(s) for the conversion of coal and steam to methane.

Formulate equation(s) for the conversion of coal and steam to methane.

Formulate equation(s) for the conversion of coal and steam to methane.

Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide produced by the complete combustion of 72.0 dm³ octane, C₈H₁₈.

Density of C₈H₁₈ = 703 g dm⁻³

C₈H₁₈ (l) + 12.5O₂ (g) → 8CO₂ (g) + 9H₂O (g)

Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide produced by the complete combustion of 72.0 dm³ octane, C₈H₁₈.

Density of C₈H₁₈ = 703 g dm⁻³

C₈H₁₈ (l) + 12.5O₂ (g) → 8CO₂ (g) + 9H₂O (g)

Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide produced by the complete combustion of 72.0 dm³ octane, C₈H₁₈.

Density of C₈H₁₈ = 703 g dm⁻³

C₈H₁₈ (l) + 12.5O₂ (g) → 8CO₂ (g) + 9H₂O (g)

List the following products, which are also obtained by fractional distillation, according to decreasing volatility: asphalt, diesel, gasoline, lubricating motor oil.

List the following products, which are also obtained by fractional distillation, according to decreasing volatility: asphalt, diesel, gasoline, lubricating motor oil.

List the following products, which are also obtained by fractional distillation, according to decreasing volatility: asphalt, diesel, gasoline, lubricating motor oil.

Ethanol has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 108.6.

Outline how higher octane fuels affect engine performance.

Ethanol has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 108.6.

Outline how higher octane fuels affect engine performance.

Ethanol has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 108.6.

Outline how higher octane fuels affect engine performance.

List the following products, which are also obtained by fractional distillation, according to decreasing volatility: asphalt, diesel, gasoline, lubricating motor oil.

List the following products, which are also obtained by fractional distillation, according to decreasing volatility: asphalt, diesel, gasoline, lubricating motor oil.

List the following products, which are also obtained by fractional distillation, according to decreasing volatility: asphalt, diesel, gasoline, lubricating motor oil.

Ethanol has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 108.6.

Outline how higher octane fuels affect engine performance.

Ethanol has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 108.6.

Outline how higher octane fuels affect engine performance.

Ethanol has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 108.6.

Outline how higher octane fuels affect engine performance.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

A mixture of gasoline and ethanol is often used as a fuel. Suggest an advantage of such a mixture over the use of pure gasoline. Exclude any discussion of cost.

A mixture of gasoline and ethanol is often used as a fuel. Suggest an advantage of such a mixture over the use of pure gasoline. Exclude any discussion of cost.

A mixture of gasoline and ethanol is often used as a fuel. Suggest an advantage of such a mixture over the use of pure gasoline. Exclude any discussion of cost.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.