Unit 2: Microeconomics

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why falling demand will reduce Bangladeshi firms’ revenue (Text A, paragraph [5]).

Define the term demand indicated in bold (Text A, paragraph [2]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why falling demand will reduce Bangladeshi firms’ revenue (Text A, paragraph [5]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why falling demand will reduce Bangladeshi firms’ revenue (Text A, paragraph [5]).

Define the term demand indicated in bold (Text A, paragraph [2]).

Define the term demand indicated in bold (Text A, paragraph [2]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why the global price of coffee beans dropped when “countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Ethiopia increased their exports” (paragraph [2]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how modern farming practices could affect the market for rice (Text E, paragraph [3]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why the global price of coffee beans dropped when “countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Ethiopia increased their exports” (paragraph [2]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why the global price of coffee beans dropped when “countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Ethiopia increased their exports” (paragraph [2]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how modern farming practices could affect the market for rice (Text E, paragraph [3]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how modern farming practices could affect the market for rice (Text E, paragraph [3]).

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

Define the term social (community) surplus.

Calculate the social (community) surplus in the market for cotton in San Marcus.

Calculate the resulting change in producer surplus following the introduction of the subsidy to cotton producers in San Marcus.

Calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from the subsidy.

Examine the view that the best allocation of resources, from society’s point of view, occurs where the marginal private benefit equals the marginal private cost.

Define the term excess demand indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [3]).

Using a supply and demand diagram and data from the text, explain how a “disequilibrium in the domestic US tinplate steel market” would occur if there were no imports (paragraph [3]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how the “imposition of the preliminary tariff” may have affected the market for new homes built in Canada (paragraph [4]).

Calculate the change in consumer surplus in Country Z as a result of the increase in demand for oranges.

Calculate the change in social (community) surplus as a result of the increase in demand for oranges.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how modern farming practices could affect the market for rice (Text E, paragraph [3]).

Sketch a demand and supply diagram to show the effect on revenue earned by Vietnamese farmers with improved access to the Japanese market (Text B, paragraph [1]).

Using Figure 2 and your answer to part (a)(ii), calculate the loss in consumer surplus which results from the imposition of indirect taxes on petrol in New Delhi.

Using Figure 1, calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from this government intervention.

Calculate the loss in consumer surplus resulting from the increase in the price of capsicums from NZ$18 per kg to NZ$24 per kg.

Calculate the change in consumer surplus in Country Z as a result of the increase in demand for oranges.

Calculate the change in social (community) surplus as a result of the increase in demand for oranges.

Calculate the change in consumer surplus in Country Z as a result of the increase in demand for oranges.

Calculate the change in social (community) surplus as a result of the increase in demand for oranges.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how modern farming practices could affect the market for rice (Text E, paragraph [3]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how modern farming practices could affect the market for rice (Text E, paragraph [3]).

Sketch a demand and supply diagram to show the effect on revenue earned by Vietnamese farmers with improved access to the Japanese market (Text B, paragraph [1]).

Sketch a demand and supply diagram to show the effect on revenue earned by Vietnamese farmers with improved access to the Japanese market (Text B, paragraph [1]).

Using Figure 2 and your answer to part (a)(ii), calculate the loss in consumer surplus which results from the imposition of indirect taxes on petrol in New Delhi.

Using Figure 2 and your answer to part (a)(ii), calculate the loss in consumer surplus which results from the imposition of indirect taxes on petrol in New Delhi.

Using Figure 2 and your answer to part (a)(ii), calculate the loss in consumer surplus which results from the imposition of indirect taxes on petrol in New Delhi.

Using Figure 1, calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from this government intervention.

Using Figure 1, calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from this government intervention.

Calculate the loss in consumer surplus resulting from the increase in the price of capsicums from NZ$18 per kg to NZ$24 per kg.

Calculate the loss in consumer surplus resulting from the increase in the price of capsicums from NZ$18 per kg to NZ$24 per kg.

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

Define the term social (community) surplus.

Calculate the social (community) surplus in the market for cotton in San Marcus.

Calculate the resulting change in producer surplus following the introduction of the subsidy to cotton producers in San Marcus.

Calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from the subsidy.

Define the term social (community) surplus.

Calculate the social (community) surplus in the market for cotton in San Marcus.

Calculate the resulting change in producer surplus following the introduction of the subsidy to cotton producers in San Marcus.

Calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from the subsidy.

Examine the view that the best allocation of resources, from society’s point of view, occurs where the marginal private benefit equals the marginal private cost.

Examine the view that the best allocation of resources, from society’s point of view, occurs where the marginal private benefit equals the marginal private cost.

Define the term excess demand indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [3]).

Using a supply and demand diagram and data from the text, explain how a “disequilibrium in the domestic US tinplate steel market” would occur if there were no imports (paragraph [3]).

Define the term excess demand indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [3]).

Using a supply and demand diagram and data from the text, explain how a “disequilibrium in the domestic US tinplate steel market” would occur if there were no imports (paragraph [3]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how the “imposition of the preliminary tariff” may have affected the market for new homes built in Canada (paragraph [4]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how the “imposition of the preliminary tariff” may have affected the market for new homes built in Canada (paragraph [4]).

Explain why some firms might choose the goal of profit maximization while others might choose to adopt satisficing behaviour.

With reference to the use of cars in India, explain how one limitation of the assumptions of rational consumer choice might result in the overuse of cars in New Delhi.

With reference to the use of cars in India, explain how one limitation of the assumptions of rational consumer choice might result in the overuse of cars in New Delhi.

With reference to the use of cars in India, explain how one limitation of the assumptions of rational consumer choice might result in the overuse of cars in New Delhi.

Explain why some firms might choose the goal of profit maximization while others might choose to adopt satisficing behaviour.

Explain why some firms might choose the goal of profit maximization while others might choose to adopt satisficing behaviour.

Examine the significance of price elasticity of demand for the decision making of firms and government.

Explain why price elasticity of demand varies along the length of a straight-line demand curve.

Examine the significance of price elasticity of demand for the decision-making of firms and governments. 

Discuss the significance of price elasticity of demand (PED) for a government imposing an indirect tax on a good.

Explain how knowledge of price elasticity of demand could be used by a firm that is considering changing the price of its product.

Explain why the price elasticity of demand for primary commodities is often relatively low while the price elasticity of demand for manufactured goods is often relatively high.

Country D is an economically less developed country that specializes in the production of primary products. 

Explain two implications for Country D of a relatively low income elasticity of demand for its primary products.

Explain how a decrease in income might affect the demand for normal goods and the demand for inferior goods.

Calculate the price elasticity of demand for chia seeds in Nofiberland following the imposition of the tariff.

Using the information in Figure 1, calculate the price elasticity of demand for gold in Burundi when price increases from US$1500 per oz to US$1800 per oz.

Using information from Text E and Table 3, calculate the income elasticity of demand for health care in Uruguay between 2010 and 2018.

Using information from Text A, paragraph [2] and Table 1, calculate the income elasticity of demand (YED) for agricultural goods in Tanzania considering the change in income between 2008 and 2018.

The impact of a 4.5$$% rise in the price of airline tickets on the quantity of leisure travel demanded has been calculated to be $-$10.26$$%. Using the figures in Table 3, calculate the impact of the same 4.5$$% rise in the price of airline tickets on the quantity of business travel demanded.

Using relevant information from Table 3, describe the expected impact this rise in global incomes will have on the demand for domestic routes in relation to the demand for international routes.

Discuss the significance of price elasticity of demand (PED) for a government imposing an indirect tax on a good.

Discuss the significance of price elasticity of demand (PED) for a government imposing an indirect tax on a good.

Explain how knowledge of price elasticity of demand could be used by a firm that is considering changing the price of its product.

Explain how knowledge of price elasticity of demand could be used by a firm that is considering changing the price of its product.

Explain why the price elasticity of demand for primary commodities is often relatively low while the price elasticity of demand for manufactured goods is often relatively high.

Explain why the price elasticity of demand for primary commodities is often relatively low while the price elasticity of demand for manufactured goods is often relatively high.

Country D is an economically less developed country that specializes in the production of primary products. 

Explain two implications for Country D of a relatively low income elasticity of demand for its primary products.

Country D is an economically less developed country that specializes in the production of primary products. 

Explain two implications for Country D of a relatively low income elasticity of demand for its primary products.

Explain how a decrease in income might affect the demand for normal goods and the demand for inferior goods.

Explain how a decrease in income might affect the demand for normal goods and the demand for inferior goods.

Calculate the price elasticity of demand for chia seeds in Nofiberland following the imposition of the tariff.

Calculate the price elasticity of demand for chia seeds in Nofiberland following the imposition of the tariff.

Using the information in Figure 1, calculate the price elasticity of demand for gold in Burundi when price increases from US$1500 per oz to US$1800 per oz.

Using the information in Figure 1, calculate the price elasticity of demand for gold in Burundi when price increases from US$1500 per oz to US$1800 per oz.

Using information from Text E and Table 3, calculate the income elasticity of demand for health care in Uruguay between 2010 and 2018.

Using information from Text E and Table 3, calculate the income elasticity of demand for health care in Uruguay between 2010 and 2018.

Using information from Text A, paragraph [2] and Table 1, calculate the income elasticity of demand (YED) for agricultural goods in Tanzania considering the change in income between 2008 and 2018.

Using information from Text A, paragraph [2] and Table 1, calculate the income elasticity of demand (YED) for agricultural goods in Tanzania considering the change in income between 2008 and 2018.

The impact of a 4.5$$% rise in the price of airline tickets on the quantity of leisure travel demanded has been calculated to be $-$10.26$$%. Using the figures in Table 3, calculate the impact of the same 4.5$$% rise in the price of airline tickets on the quantity of business travel demanded.

Using relevant information from Table 3, describe the expected impact this rise in global incomes will have on the demand for domestic routes in relation to the demand for international routes.

The impact of a 4.5$$% rise in the price of airline tickets on the quantity of leisure travel demanded has been calculated to be $-$10.26$$%. Using the figures in Table 3, calculate the impact of the same 4.5$$% rise in the price of airline tickets on the quantity of business travel demanded.

Using relevant information from Table 3, describe the expected impact this rise in global incomes will have on the demand for domestic routes in relation to the demand for international routes.

Examine the significance of price elasticity of demand for the decision making of firms and government.

Examine the significance of price elasticity of demand for the decision making of firms and government.

Explain why price elasticity of demand varies along the length of a straight-line demand curve.

Examine the significance of price elasticity of demand for the decision-making of firms and governments. 

Explain why price elasticity of demand varies along the length of a straight-line demand curve.

Examine the significance of price elasticity of demand for the decision-making of firms and governments. 

Using Figure 2 and your answer to part (a)(ii), show that in the absence of indirect taxes the supply of petrol in New Delhi would be price inelastic.

Using Figure 2 and your answer to part (a)(ii), show that in the absence of indirect taxes the supply of petrol in New Delhi would be price inelastic.

Using Figure 2 and your answer to part (a)(ii), show that in the absence of indirect taxes the supply of petrol in New Delhi would be price inelastic.

A government decides to impose an indirect tax on unhealthy drinks. Discuss the consequences for the stakeholders in these markets.

Explain two reasons why a government might want to subsidize a good or service.

Discuss the view that governments should tax the consumption of gasoline (petroleum).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain the effect of government subsidies on the US corn market (paragraph [5]).

Draw and label the new supply curve following the granting of the subsidy to domestic cotton producers on Figure 3.

Calculate the cost to the government of San Marcus of providing this subsidy to domestic cotton producers.

Calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from the subsidy.

Explain why a government might decide to impose a price ceiling on goods and services such as essential foods or rented housing.

Discuss the view that the provision of subsidies by the government on goods such as agricultural products will always be beneficial to stakeholders.

Using an appropriate externalities diagram, explain why a government might decide to impose a price floor on a demerit good.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why the increase in the minimum wage might affect Cambodia’s garment manufacturing competitiveness against other countries in the region (paragraph [4]).

Explain the impact of a price floor on market outcomes.

Discuss the consequences for different stakeholders when the government imposes a price ceiling on a market.

Discuss how the introduction of a subsidy in a market will affect consumers, producers and the government.

Explain two reasons why a government might impose indirect taxes.

Explain why governments impose price floors in the market for agricultural products.

Explain why governments provide subsidies.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain the impact on households of “removing some subsidies on food” (paragraph [5]).

Calculate the shortage resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

Calculate the change in producer surplus resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

Calculate the change in consumer expenditure on rice resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

State two methods of non-price rationing.

Explain the impact on consumers, producers and the government of a price floor being introduced in an agricultural market.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how a subsidy changes the consumer surplus for a good (paragraph [6]).

Explain two reasons why a government might set a price ceiling (maximum price) on a good.

Using real-world examples, discuss the consequences of a price ceiling on stakeholders.

Governments intervene in markets to support firms and to promote equity. Explain one policy that could be used to support firms and one policy that could be used to promote equity.

Using real-world examples, evaluate the effects for stakeholders of a government imposing an indirect tax on a particular good.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how the rise in the maximum price of maize would change the welfare loss associated with the maximum price (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Using Figure 2, calculate the revenue (in rupees per day) collected from the indirect taxes on petrol in New Delhi.

Explain two forms of government intervention in markets.

Sketch a demand and supply diagram to show the impact of an indirect tax on the market for social media applications such as WhatsApp (Text E, paragraph [1]).

With reference to Figure 1, explain how the price floor will impact on allocative efficiency in the market for tomatoes.

Calculate the indirect tax paid by airlines for the catering meals they bought in 2021 if the domestic indirect tax rate on food was 6.5$$% and their expenditure on meals was US$54 506.70.

Calculate the revenue per kilogram (after tax has been paid) to producers when the price is NZ$24 per kg.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why the increase in the minimum wage might affect Cambodia’s garment manufacturing competitiveness against other countries in the region (paragraph [4]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain why the increase in the minimum wage might affect Cambodia’s garment manufacturing competitiveness against other countries in the region (paragraph [4]).

Explain the impact of a price floor on market outcomes.

Discuss the consequences for different stakeholders when the government imposes a price ceiling on a market.

Explain the impact of a price floor on market outcomes.

Discuss the consequences for different stakeholders when the government imposes a price ceiling on a market.

Discuss how the introduction of a subsidy in a market will affect consumers, producers and the government.

Discuss how the introduction of a subsidy in a market will affect consumers, producers and the government.

Explain two reasons why a government might impose indirect taxes.

Explain two reasons why a government might impose indirect taxes.

Explain why governments impose price floors in the market for agricultural products.

Explain why governments impose price floors in the market for agricultural products.

Explain why governments provide subsidies.

Explain why governments provide subsidies.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain the impact on households of “removing some subsidies on food” (paragraph [5]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain the impact on households of “removing some subsidies on food” (paragraph [5]).

Calculate the shortage resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

Calculate the change in producer surplus resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

Calculate the change in consumer expenditure on rice resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

State two methods of non-price rationing.

Calculate the shortage resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

Calculate the change in producer surplus resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

Calculate the change in consumer expenditure on rice resulting from the imposition of the maximum price.

State two methods of non-price rationing.

Explain the impact on consumers, producers and the government of a price floor being introduced in an agricultural market.

Explain the impact on consumers, producers and the government of a price floor being introduced in an agricultural market.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how a subsidy changes the consumer surplus for a good (paragraph [6]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how a subsidy changes the consumer surplus for a good (paragraph [6]).

Explain two reasons why a government might set a price ceiling (maximum price) on a good.

Using real-world examples, discuss the consequences of a price ceiling on stakeholders.

Explain two reasons why a government might set a price ceiling (maximum price) on a good.

Using real-world examples, discuss the consequences of a price ceiling on stakeholders.

Governments intervene in markets to support firms and to promote equity. Explain one policy that could be used to support firms and one policy that could be used to promote equity.

Using real-world examples, evaluate the effects for stakeholders of a government imposing an indirect tax on a particular good.

Governments intervene in markets to support firms and to promote equity. Explain one policy that could be used to support firms and one policy that could be used to promote equity.

Using real-world examples, evaluate the effects for stakeholders of a government imposing an indirect tax on a particular good.

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how the rise in the maximum price of maize would change the welfare loss associated with the maximum price (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how the rise in the maximum price of maize would change the welfare loss associated with the maximum price (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Using Figure 2, calculate the revenue (in rupees per day) collected from the indirect taxes on petrol in New Delhi.

Using Figure 2, calculate the revenue (in rupees per day) collected from the indirect taxes on petrol in New Delhi.

Explain two forms of government intervention in markets.

Explain two forms of government intervention in markets.

Sketch a demand and supply diagram to show the impact of an indirect tax on the market for social media applications such as WhatsApp (Text E, paragraph [1]).

Sketch a demand and supply diagram to show the impact of an indirect tax on the market for social media applications such as WhatsApp (Text E, paragraph [1]).

With reference to Figure 1, explain how the price floor will impact on allocative efficiency in the market for tomatoes.

Calculate the indirect tax paid by airlines for the catering meals they bought in 2021 if the domestic indirect tax rate on food was 6.5$$% and their expenditure on meals was US$54 506.70.

With reference to Figure 1, explain how the price floor will impact on allocative efficiency in the market for tomatoes.

Calculate the indirect tax paid by airlines for the catering meals they bought in 2021 if the domestic indirect tax rate on food was 6.5$$% and their expenditure on meals was US$54 506.70.

Calculate the revenue per kilogram (after tax has been paid) to producers when the price is NZ$24 per kg.

Calculate the revenue per kilogram (after tax has been paid) to producers when the price is NZ$24 per kg.

A government decides to impose an indirect tax on unhealthy drinks. Discuss the consequences for the stakeholders in these markets.

A government decides to impose an indirect tax on unhealthy drinks. Discuss the consequences for the stakeholders in these markets.

Explain two reasons why a government might want to subsidize a good or service.

Discuss the view that governments should tax the consumption of gasoline (petroleum).

Explain two reasons why a government might want to subsidize a good or service.

Discuss the view that governments should tax the consumption of gasoline (petroleum).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain the effect of government subsidies on the US corn market (paragraph [5]).

Using a demand and supply diagram, explain the effect of government subsidies on the US corn market (paragraph [5]).

Draw and label the new supply curve following the granting of the subsidy to domestic cotton producers on Figure 3.

Calculate the cost to the government of San Marcus of providing this subsidy to domestic cotton producers.

Calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from the subsidy.

Draw and label the new supply curve following the granting of the subsidy to domestic cotton producers on Figure 3.

Calculate the cost to the government of San Marcus of providing this subsidy to domestic cotton producers.

Calculate the change in the consumer surplus resulting from the subsidy.

Explain why a government might decide to impose a price ceiling on goods and services such as essential foods or rented housing.

Explain why a government might decide to impose a price ceiling on goods and services such as essential foods or rented housing.

Discuss the view that the provision of subsidies by the government on goods such as agricultural products will always be beneficial to stakeholders.

Discuss the view that the provision of subsidies by the government on goods such as agricultural products will always be beneficial to stakeholders.

Using an appropriate externalities diagram, explain why a government might decide to impose a price floor on a demerit good.

Using an appropriate externalities diagram, explain why a government might decide to impose a price floor on a demerit good.

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

To what extent is advertising the most effective way of increasing the consumption of merit goods?

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the widespread use of solar panels will decrease the negative externalities of consumption caused by the use of kerosene lamps (paragraph [5]).

Examine the view that the best allocation of resources, from society’s point of view, occurs where the marginal private benefit equals the marginal private cost.

Discuss the view that imposing an indirect tax on gasoline (petrol) is the most effective way of reducing the market failure caused by cars.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the Chinese infrastructure projects have caused negative externalities (paragraph [6]).

Define the term sustainability indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the percentage of infants receiving measles vaccinations in Nigeria indicates the existence of a market failure (Table 1).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the garment industry is a source of market failure (paragraph [8]).

Discuss whether government regulation is the most effective way to deal with negative externalities of consumption.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how “greater access to education” for girls in Pakistan could reduce market failure (paragraph [5]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why “business pollution” is leading to market failure in STP (paragraph [5]).

Evaluate the view that the threat to sustainability, caused by economic activity requiring the use of fossil fuels, is best addressed through the use of carbon taxes.

Discuss the view that tradable permits are more effective than taxes in reducing pollution.

Using an AD/AS diagram, explain how the construction of the China–Laos railway will contribute to economic growth in Laos (paragraph [1]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain the benefits of hygiene and sanitation education programmes (paragraph [5]).

Discuss the significance of income elasticity of demand for producers of primary products and producers of manufactured goods when incomes are rising.

Explain why merit goods tend to be under-provided in a free market.

Evaluate the use of carbon taxes to reduce threats to sustainability.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how coal-fired power plants in the US might be causing market failure (paragraphs [3] and [4]). 

Using an externalities diagram, explain how manufacturing companies in Brazil are contributing to market failure (paragraph [7]). 

Using real-world examples, evaluate different approaches to managing common access resources.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how dependence on coal could be a source of market failure (Text B, paragraph [3]).

Using a diagram and the information above, explain why traffic congestion in India may be considered an example of market failure.

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy which could be introduced by the government of India in order to address the problem of traffic congestion in New Delhi.

Explain why the existence of positive externalities of consumption would lead to allocative inefficiency and thus a welfare loss.

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the government should subsidize health care (Text E).

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the construction of an oil pipeline through Tanzania could result in market failure (Text C).

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy that may be implemented to reduce the contribution of emissions the aviation industry makes to global warming.

Define the term sustainability indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Define the term sustainability indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the percentage of infants receiving measles vaccinations in Nigeria indicates the existence of a market failure (Table 1).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the percentage of infants receiving measles vaccinations in Nigeria indicates the existence of a market failure (Table 1).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the garment industry is a source of market failure (paragraph [8]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the garment industry is a source of market failure (paragraph [8]).

Discuss whether government regulation is the most effective way to deal with negative externalities of consumption.

Discuss whether government regulation is the most effective way to deal with negative externalities of consumption.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how “greater access to education” for girls in Pakistan could reduce market failure (paragraph [5]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain how “greater access to education” for girls in Pakistan could reduce market failure (paragraph [5]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why “business pollution” is leading to market failure in STP (paragraph [5]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why “business pollution” is leading to market failure in STP (paragraph [5]).

Evaluate the view that the threat to sustainability, caused by economic activity requiring the use of fossil fuels, is best addressed through the use of carbon taxes.

Evaluate the view that the threat to sustainability, caused by economic activity requiring the use of fossil fuels, is best addressed through the use of carbon taxes.

Discuss the view that tradable permits are more effective than taxes in reducing pollution.

Discuss the view that tradable permits are more effective than taxes in reducing pollution.

Using an AD/AS diagram, explain how the construction of the China–Laos railway will contribute to economic growth in Laos (paragraph [1]).

Using an AD/AS diagram, explain how the construction of the China–Laos railway will contribute to economic growth in Laos (paragraph [1]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain the benefits of hygiene and sanitation education programmes (paragraph [5]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain the benefits of hygiene and sanitation education programmes (paragraph [5]).

Discuss the significance of income elasticity of demand for producers of primary products and producers of manufactured goods when incomes are rising.

Discuss the significance of income elasticity of demand for producers of primary products and producers of manufactured goods when incomes are rising.

Explain why merit goods tend to be under-provided in a free market.

Evaluate the use of carbon taxes to reduce threats to sustainability.

Explain why merit goods tend to be under-provided in a free market.

Evaluate the use of carbon taxes to reduce threats to sustainability.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how coal-fired power plants in the US might be causing market failure (paragraphs [3] and [4]). 

Using an externalities diagram, explain how coal-fired power plants in the US might be causing market failure (paragraphs [3] and [4]). 

Using an externalities diagram, explain how manufacturing companies in Brazil are contributing to market failure (paragraph [7]). 

Using an externalities diagram, explain how manufacturing companies in Brazil are contributing to market failure (paragraph [7]). 

Using real-world examples, evaluate different approaches to managing common access resources.

Using real-world examples, evaluate different approaches to managing common access resources.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how dependence on coal could be a source of market failure (Text B, paragraph [3]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain how dependence on coal could be a source of market failure (Text B, paragraph [3]).

Using a diagram and the information above, explain why traffic congestion in India may be considered an example of market failure.

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy which could be introduced by the government of India in order to address the problem of traffic congestion in New Delhi.

Using a diagram and the information above, explain why traffic congestion in India may be considered an example of market failure.

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy which could be introduced by the government of India in order to address the problem of traffic congestion in New Delhi.

Explain why the existence of positive externalities of consumption would lead to allocative inefficiency and thus a welfare loss.

Explain why the existence of positive externalities of consumption would lead to allocative inefficiency and thus a welfare loss.

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the government should subsidize health care (Text E).

Using an externalities diagram, explain why the government should subsidize health care (Text E).

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the construction of an oil pipeline through Tanzania could result in market failure (Text C).

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the construction of an oil pipeline through Tanzania could result in market failure (Text C).

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy that may be implemented to reduce the contribution of emissions the aviation industry makes to global warming.

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy that may be implemented to reduce the contribution of emissions the aviation industry makes to global warming.

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

To what extent is advertising the most effective way of increasing the consumption of merit goods?

To what extent is advertising the most effective way of increasing the consumption of merit goods?

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the widespread use of solar panels will decrease the negative externalities of consumption caused by the use of kerosene lamps (paragraph [5]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the widespread use of solar panels will decrease the negative externalities of consumption caused by the use of kerosene lamps (paragraph [5]).

Examine the view that the best allocation of resources, from society’s point of view, occurs where the marginal private benefit equals the marginal private cost.

Examine the view that the best allocation of resources, from society’s point of view, occurs where the marginal private benefit equals the marginal private cost.

Discuss the view that imposing an indirect tax on gasoline (petrol) is the most effective way of reducing the market failure caused by cars.

Discuss the view that imposing an indirect tax on gasoline (petrol) is the most effective way of reducing the market failure caused by cars.

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the Chinese infrastructure projects have caused negative externalities (paragraph [6]).

Using an externalities diagram, explain how the Chinese infrastructure projects have caused negative externalities (paragraph [6]).

Discuss the implications of the direct provision of public goods by a government.

Using real-world examples, discuss the view that governments should intervene if markets fail to provide public goods.

Discuss the implications of the direct provision of public goods by a government.

Discuss the implications of the direct provision of public goods by a government.

Using real-world examples, discuss the view that governments should intervene if markets fail to provide public goods.

Using real-world examples, discuss the view that governments should intervene if markets fail to provide public goods.

Define the term asymmetric information indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Using real-world examples, evaluate the policies a government might adopt to respond to a market situation in which significant asymmetric information exists.

Define the term asymmetric information indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Define the term asymmetric information indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Using real-world examples, evaluate the policies a government might adopt to respond to a market situation in which significant asymmetric information exists.

Using real-world examples, evaluate the policies a government might adopt to respond to a market situation in which significant asymmetric information exists.

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

Explain two factors that might give rise to economies of scale for a firm.

Discuss the view that legislation is the best way of dealing with the problem of monopoly power.

Discuss whether price will always be lower and output will always be higher in perfect competition compared to monopoly.

Discuss whether an oligopolistic firm should collude rather than compete.

Using a cost diagram, explain how membership in the common market may allow producers in South Sudan to gain economies of scale (paragraph [6]).

Define the term total revenue indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Using a theory of the firm diagram, explain the output and pricing decision of M-Kopa if it chooses to pursue the goal of revenue maximization (paragraph [6]).

Evaluate the view that monopoly is an undesirable market structure as it fails to achieve productive and allocative efficiency.

Examine the role of barriers to entry in making monopoly a less desirable market structure than perfect competition.

Calculate the change in expenditure on imported oranges as a result of the increase in demand.

Discuss the view that barriers to entry in a monopoly will always lead to abnormal profits in the long run.

Using information from Figure 1, calculate Firm A’s total fixed costs.

The market price of almonds is $11 per kilogram. Using Figure 1, identify the quantity of almonds Firm A must produce in order to maximize profits.

Calculate the economic profit/loss when Firm A is producing at the output level identified in part (b)(i).

Based on the information in Figure 2, state whether the firms in this market are making normal profits, economic profits or economic losses.

On Figure 2, draw and label appropriate additional curves to show how a perfectly competitive market will move from short-run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium.

Using your answer to part (c)(ii), explain how the market adjustment takes place.

State two assumed characteristics of a monopoly.

Explain two reasons why a monopoly may be considered desirable for an economy.

Using Figure 3, calculate the economic profit when Firm B is maximizing its profits.

Using Figure 3, calculate the total revenue when Firm B is maximizing its revenue.

Sketch and label a diagram to illustrate the long-run equilibrium for a firm in monopolistic competition.

Explain how a natural monopoly may arise.

Discuss how governments restrict monopoly power.

Define the term economies of scale indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [3]).

Using a costs diagram, explain how the expansion of the coconut industry could lead to economies of scale (paragraph [4]).

Explain why a monopolistically competitive firm can make economic (abnormal) profit in the short run, but not in the long run.

Discuss the consequences of a perfectly competitive market becoming a monopoly market.

Discuss the view that governments should always try to prevent the creation of barriers to entry in a market.

Using a perfect competition diagram, explain whether farmers in the Philippines are making an economic profit or loss (Table 1).

Using a perfectly competitive firm diagram, explain the effect of declining prices of coffee beans on the profits of Honduras’ coffee farmers in the short run (paragraph [2]).

Explain why producers in an oligopolistic market might choose to engage in non-price competition.

Evaluate the view that the use of legislation and regulation by government is the most effective way to control monopoly power.

Distinguish between perfect competition and monopolistic competition.

Using real-world examples, discuss the impact of large firms having significant market power.

Explain two economies of scale which may not be available to smaller farms (Text A, paragraph [2]).

Using Figure 2 and the information in Table 4, calculate the total profit earned by petrol suppliers in New Delhi per day.

Define the term monopoly indicated in bold (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Using a monopoly diagram, explain why a profit-maximizing state-run telecommunications firm might be making a loss (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Determine the missing cost figures and insert your answers in Table 1.

Assuming that this catering market is in long-run equilibrium, sketch a diagram in which the profit-maximizing level of output for a firm in this market is shown.

Using the data provided in Figure 2, calculate the profit earned by these firms if they are operating at the profit-maximizing level of output in the market for cheese.

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy which could be introduced by the New Zealand Commerce Commission to limit the possible abuse of market power in the supermarket industry in New Zealand. 

Calculate the change in expenditure on imported oranges as a result of the increase in demand.

Calculate the change in expenditure on imported oranges as a result of the increase in demand.

Discuss the view that barriers to entry in a monopoly will always lead to abnormal profits in the long run.

Discuss the view that barriers to entry in a monopoly will always lead to abnormal profits in the long run.

Using information from Figure 1, calculate Firm A’s total fixed costs.

The market price of almonds is $11 per kilogram. Using Figure 1, identify the quantity of almonds Firm A must produce in order to maximize profits.

Calculate the economic profit/loss when Firm A is producing at the output level identified in part (b)(i).

Based on the information in Figure 2, state whether the firms in this market are making normal profits, economic profits or economic losses.

On Figure 2, draw and label appropriate additional curves to show how a perfectly competitive market will move from short-run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium.

Using your answer to part (c)(ii), explain how the market adjustment takes place.

State two assumed characteristics of a monopoly.

Explain two reasons why a monopoly may be considered desirable for an economy.

Using Figure 3, calculate the economic profit when Firm B is maximizing its profits.

Using Figure 3, calculate the total revenue when Firm B is maximizing its revenue.

Sketch and label a diagram to illustrate the long-run equilibrium for a firm in monopolistic competition.

Using information from Figure 1, calculate Firm A’s total fixed costs.

The market price of almonds is $11 per kilogram. Using Figure 1, identify the quantity of almonds Firm A must produce in order to maximize profits.

Calculate the economic profit/loss when Firm A is producing at the output level identified in part (b)(i).

Based on the information in Figure 2, state whether the firms in this market are making normal profits, economic profits or economic losses.

On Figure 2, draw and label appropriate additional curves to show how a perfectly competitive market will move from short-run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium.

Using your answer to part (c)(ii), explain how the market adjustment takes place.

State two assumed characteristics of a monopoly.

Explain two reasons why a monopoly may be considered desirable for an economy.

Using Figure 3, calculate the economic profit when Firm B is maximizing its profits.

Using Figure 3, calculate the total revenue when Firm B is maximizing its revenue.

Sketch and label a diagram to illustrate the long-run equilibrium for a firm in monopolistic competition.

Explain how a natural monopoly may arise.

Discuss how governments restrict monopoly power.

Explain how a natural monopoly may arise.

Discuss how governments restrict monopoly power.

Define the term economies of scale indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [3]).

Define the term economies of scale indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [3]).

Using a costs diagram, explain how the expansion of the coconut industry could lead to economies of scale (paragraph [4]).

Using a costs diagram, explain how the expansion of the coconut industry could lead to economies of scale (paragraph [4]).

Explain why a monopolistically competitive firm can make economic (abnormal) profit in the short run, but not in the long run.

Discuss the consequences of a perfectly competitive market becoming a monopoly market.

Explain why a monopolistically competitive firm can make economic (abnormal) profit in the short run, but not in the long run.

Discuss the consequences of a perfectly competitive market becoming a monopoly market.

Discuss the view that governments should always try to prevent the creation of barriers to entry in a market.

Discuss the view that governments should always try to prevent the creation of barriers to entry in a market.

Using a perfect competition diagram, explain whether farmers in the Philippines are making an economic profit or loss (Table 1).

Using a perfect competition diagram, explain whether farmers in the Philippines are making an economic profit or loss (Table 1).

Using a perfectly competitive firm diagram, explain the effect of declining prices of coffee beans on the profits of Honduras’ coffee farmers in the short run (paragraph [2]).

Using a perfectly competitive firm diagram, explain the effect of declining prices of coffee beans on the profits of Honduras’ coffee farmers in the short run (paragraph [2]).

Explain why producers in an oligopolistic market might choose to engage in non-price competition.

Evaluate the view that the use of legislation and regulation by government is the most effective way to control monopoly power.

Explain why producers in an oligopolistic market might choose to engage in non-price competition.

Evaluate the view that the use of legislation and regulation by government is the most effective way to control monopoly power.

Distinguish between perfect competition and monopolistic competition.

Using real-world examples, discuss the impact of large firms having significant market power.

Distinguish between perfect competition and monopolistic competition.

Using real-world examples, discuss the impact of large firms having significant market power.

Explain two economies of scale which may not be available to smaller farms (Text A, paragraph [2]).

Explain two economies of scale which may not be available to smaller farms (Text A, paragraph [2]).

Using Figure 2 and the information in Table 4, calculate the total profit earned by petrol suppliers in New Delhi per day.

Using Figure 2 and the information in Table 4, calculate the total profit earned by petrol suppliers in New Delhi per day.

Define the term monopoly indicated in bold (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Using a monopoly diagram, explain why a profit-maximizing state-run telecommunications firm might be making a loss (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Define the term monopoly indicated in bold (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Using a monopoly diagram, explain why a profit-maximizing state-run telecommunications firm might be making a loss (Text E, paragraph [2]).

Determine the missing cost figures and insert your answers in Table 1.

Assuming that this catering market is in long-run equilibrium, sketch a diagram in which the profit-maximizing level of output for a firm in this market is shown.

Determine the missing cost figures and insert your answers in Table 1.

Assuming that this catering market is in long-run equilibrium, sketch a diagram in which the profit-maximizing level of output for a firm in this market is shown.

Using the data provided in Figure 2, calculate the profit earned by these firms if they are operating at the profit-maximizing level of output in the market for cheese.

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy which could be introduced by the New Zealand Commerce Commission to limit the possible abuse of market power in the supermarket industry in New Zealand. 

Using the data provided in Figure 2, calculate the profit earned by these firms if they are operating at the profit-maximizing level of output in the market for cheese.

Using the text/data provided and your knowledge of economics, recommend a policy which could be introduced by the New Zealand Commerce Commission to limit the possible abuse of market power in the supermarket industry in New Zealand. 

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

Discuss the view that competitive markets will always achieve allocative efficiency.

Explain two factors that might give rise to economies of scale for a firm.

Discuss the view that legislation is the best way of dealing with the problem of monopoly power.

Explain two factors that might give rise to economies of scale for a firm.

Discuss the view that legislation is the best way of dealing with the problem of monopoly power.

Discuss whether price will always be lower and output will always be higher in perfect competition compared to monopoly.

Discuss whether price will always be lower and output will always be higher in perfect competition compared to monopoly.

Discuss whether an oligopolistic firm should collude rather than compete.

Discuss whether an oligopolistic firm should collude rather than compete.

Using a cost diagram, explain how membership in the common market may allow producers in South Sudan to gain economies of scale (paragraph [6]).

Using a cost diagram, explain how membership in the common market may allow producers in South Sudan to gain economies of scale (paragraph [6]).

Define the term total revenue indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Using a theory of the firm diagram, explain the output and pricing decision of M-Kopa if it chooses to pursue the goal of revenue maximization (paragraph [6]).

Define the term total revenue indicated in bold in the text (paragraph [6]).

Using a theory of the firm diagram, explain the output and pricing decision of M-Kopa if it chooses to pursue the goal of revenue maximization (paragraph [6]).

Evaluate the view that monopoly is an undesirable market structure as it fails to achieve productive and allocative efficiency.

Evaluate the view that monopoly is an undesirable market structure as it fails to achieve productive and allocative efficiency.

Examine the role of barriers to entry in making monopoly a less desirable market structure than perfect competition.

Examine the role of barriers to entry in making monopoly a less desirable market structure than perfect competition.