Directly related questions
- EXEX.1A.SL.TZ0.3: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.HL.TZ0.5: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.SL.TZ0.3: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.HL.TZ0.5: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.HL.TZ0.5: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.SL.TZ0.3: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
-
22N.1A.SL.TZ0.28:
The graph shows the concentration of the lipid lecithin in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during normal gestation. This lipid is produced in the lungs of the fetus and acts as a surfactant.
[Source: Gluck, L. and Kulovich, M., n.d. [Concentrations of phospholipids]. [graph online] Available at:
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chpt12-LungDev.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2021].]What problem may occur in a baby born before 34 weeks gestation?
A. Type I pneumocytes do not produce sufficient surfactant for lungs to inflate.
B. There are no type II pneumocytes.
C. The alveolar walls stick together.
D. The alveoli are too large.
-
22N.1A.SL.TZ0.28:
The graph shows the concentration of the lipid lecithin in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during normal gestation. This lipid is produced in the lungs of the fetus and acts as a surfactant.
[Source: Gluck, L. and Kulovich, M., n.d. [Concentrations of phospholipids]. [graph online] Available at:
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chpt12-LungDev.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2021].]What problem may occur in a baby born before 34 weeks gestation?
A. Type I pneumocytes do not produce sufficient surfactant for lungs to inflate.
B. There are no type II pneumocytes.
C. The alveolar walls stick together.
D. The alveoli are too large.
-
22N.1A.HL.TZ0.22:
The diagram shows a section through an alveolus.
[Source: Bergman, Ronald A., Ph.D., and D'Alessandro, Michael P., M.D. Pulmonary alveoli, “Anatomy Atlases”. Available online: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ [Accessed 02/01/2023].]
What are the functions of the following labelled structures?
-
22N.1A.HL.TZ0.22:
The diagram shows a section through an alveolus.
[Source: Bergman, Ronald A., Ph.D., and D'Alessandro, Michael P., M.D. Pulmonary alveoli, “Anatomy Atlases”. Available online: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ [Accessed 02/01/2023].]
What are the functions of the following labelled structures?
-
22N.2.HL.TZ0.5d:
Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.
-
22N.2.HL.TZ0.5d:
Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.
-
22N.2.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
Sub sections and their related questions
B2.3.1. Production of unspecialized cells following fertilization and their development into specialized cells by differentiation
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
-
EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.
B2.3.2. Properties of stem cells
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
- 22M.2.SL.TZ2.a: State the main characteristic of stem cells.
B2.3.3. Location and function of stem cell niches in adult humans
NoneB2.3.4. Differences between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
- EXEX.1A.HL.TZ0.5: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.SL.TZ0.3: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
- EXEX.1A.SL.TZ0.3: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.HL.TZ0.5: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.16: In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of...
- EXEX.1A.HL.TZ0.5: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
- EXEX.1A.SL.TZ0.3: What best describes stem cells? A. Cells found only in the early embryo. B. Multipotent...
B2.3.5. Cell size as an aspect of specialization
- 21M.1A.SL.TZ1.1: In mammals, mature red blood cells are specialized in that they lack nuclei, mitochondria or...
- 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.1: The micrograph shows two types of blood cell. What determines the differences between the two...
- 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.1: The micrograph shows two types of blood cell. What determines the differences between the two...
- 21M.1A.SL.TZ1.1: In mammals, mature red blood cells are specialized in that they lack nuclei, mitochondria or...
- 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.1: The micrograph shows two types of blood cell. What determines the differences between the two...
- 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.1: The micrograph shows two types of blood cell. What determines the differences between the two...
B2.3.6. Surface area-to-volume ratios and constraints on cell size
-
21N.2.SL.TZ0.5a:
Outline the significance of surface area to volume ratio in the limitation of cell size.
-
19M.1A.SL.TZ1.1:
Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio with increasing cell diameter?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
-
21M.1A.SL.TZ2.1:
The diagrams represent cells with the same concentration of dissolved substances in their cytoplasm. If all the cells were placed in the same hypertonic sucrose solution, which cell would show the greatest rate of change in the concentration of its cytoplasm?
-
21N.2.SL.TZ0.5a:
Outline the significance of surface area to volume ratio in the limitation of cell size.
-
21N.2.SL.TZ0.a:
Outline the significance of surface area to volume ratio in the limitation of cell size.
-
19M.1A.SL.TZ1.1:
Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio with increasing cell diameter?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
-
21M.1A.SL.TZ2.1:
The diagrams represent cells with the same concentration of dissolved substances in their cytoplasm. If all the cells were placed in the same hypertonic sucrose solution, which cell would show the greatest rate of change in the concentration of its cytoplasm?
B2.3.7. Adaptations to increase surface area-to-volume ratios of cells
-
22N.2.HL.TZ0.5d:
Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.
- 23M.1A.HL.TZ2.38: Where is the greatest quantity of water reabsorbed from the nephron? A. Bowman’s capsule B. ...
-
22N.2.HL.TZ0.5d:
Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.
-
22N.2.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.
- 23M.1A.HL.TZ2.38: Where is the greatest quantity of water reabsorbed from the nephron? A. Bowman’s capsule B. ...
B2.3.8. Adaptations of type I and type II pneumocytes in alveoli
- 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.23: What is produced by type II pneumocytes? A. Epinephrine B. Elastase C. Pulmonary...
- 22M.1A.HL.TZ1.27: A cell from the lungs, observed under the microscope, contains a large number of secretory...
- 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.21: Which process results in the exchange of gases across the membrane of pneumocytes? A. Active...
- 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.26: In premature babies born earlier than the 30th week of pregnancy, type II pneumocytes are usually...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: Outline the functions of type I and type II pneumocytes.
-
22N.1A.SL.TZ0.28:
The graph shows the concentration of the lipid lecithin in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during normal gestation. This lipid is produced in the lungs of the fetus and acts as a surfactant.
[Source: Gluck, L. and Kulovich, M., n.d. [Concentrations of phospholipids]. [graph online] Available at:
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chpt12-LungDev.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2021].]What problem may occur in a baby born before 34 weeks gestation?
A. Type I pneumocytes do not produce sufficient surfactant for lungs to inflate.
B. There are no type II pneumocytes.
C. The alveolar walls stick together.
D. The alveoli are too large.
-
22N.1A.HL.TZ0.22:
The diagram shows a section through an alveolus.
[Source: Bergman, Ronald A., Ph.D., and D'Alessandro, Michael P., M.D. Pulmonary alveoli, “Anatomy Atlases”. Available online: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ [Accessed 02/01/2023].]
What are the functions of the following labelled structures?
- 23M.1A.HL.TZ1.22: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
- 23M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
- 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.23: What is produced by type II pneumocytes? A. Epinephrine B. Elastase C. Pulmonary...
- 22M.1A.HL.TZ1.27: A cell from the lungs, observed under the microscope, contains a large number of secretory...
- 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.21: Which process results in the exchange of gases across the membrane of pneumocytes? A. Active...
- 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.26: In premature babies born earlier than the 30th week of pregnancy, type II pneumocytes are usually...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: Outline the functions of type I and type II pneumocytes.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.a: Outline the functions of type I and type II pneumocytes.
-
22N.1A.SL.TZ0.28:
The graph shows the concentration of the lipid lecithin in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during normal gestation. This lipid is produced in the lungs of the fetus and acts as a surfactant.
[Source: Gluck, L. and Kulovich, M., n.d. [Concentrations of phospholipids]. [graph online] Available at:
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chpt12-LungDev.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2021].]What problem may occur in a baby born before 34 weeks gestation?
A. Type I pneumocytes do not produce sufficient surfactant for lungs to inflate.
B. There are no type II pneumocytes.
C. The alveolar walls stick together.
D. The alveoli are too large.
-
22N.1A.HL.TZ0.22:
The diagram shows a section through an alveolus.
[Source: Bergman, Ronald A., Ph.D., and D'Alessandro, Michael P., M.D. Pulmonary alveoli, “Anatomy Atlases”. Available online: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ [Accessed 02/01/2023].]
What are the functions of the following labelled structures?
- 23M.1A.HL.TZ1.22: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
- 23M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: What are functions of type I and type II alveolar pneumocytes? Type I Type II A. Produce...
B2.3.9. Adaptations of cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres
-
21N.1A.HL.TZ1.38:
The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.
[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]What occurs during muscle contraction?
A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.
B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.
C. The bands labelled X get shorter.
D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
-
21M.1A.HL.TZ2.2:
Three cell types are shown in the micrographs.
[Source: left: UCSF School of Medicine, Courtesy of Prof. D Schmucker. middle: Professor Roger Meicenheimer, Miami University, Department of Botany. right: Courtesy of visualhistology.com.]
What feature distinguishes striated muscle fibres from the three cell types shown in the images?
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleoid regions
C. Multinucleate structure
D. Membrane-bound organelles
-
19M.2.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
-
21N.1A.HL.TZ1.38:
The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.
[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]What occurs during muscle contraction?
A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.
B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.
C. The bands labelled X get shorter.
D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
-
21M.1A.HL.TZ2.2:
Three cell types are shown in the micrographs.
[Source: left: UCSF School of Medicine, Courtesy of Prof. D Schmucker. middle: Professor Roger Meicenheimer, Miami University, Department of Botany. right: Courtesy of visualhistology.com.]
What feature distinguishes striated muscle fibres from the three cell types shown in the images?
A. Mitochondria
B. Nucleoid regions
C. Multinucleate structure
D. Membrane-bound organelles
-
19M.2.HL.TZ2.b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
- EXEX.2.HL.TZ0.b: Cardiac muscle cells and striated muscle fibres are highly specialized to produce movement....
B2.3.10. Adaptations of sperm and egg cells
-
21N.1A.HL.TZ1.40:
The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?
[Source: Oliveira, J.B.A., Petersen, C.G., Massaro, F.C. et al. Motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME):
intervariation study of normal sperm and sperm with large nuclear vacuoles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8, 56 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-8-56. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Single_
human_spermatozoa.jpg Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 2.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/2.0).] -
21N.1A.HL.TZ1.40:
The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?
[Source: Oliveira, J.B.A., Petersen, C.G., Massaro, F.C. et al. Motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME):
intervariation study of normal sperm and sperm with large nuclear vacuoles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8, 56 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-8-56. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Single_
human_spermatozoa.jpg Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 2.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/2.0).]
