B. Form and function

Broad beans are rich in starch and cellulose. Compare and contrast the structure of starch and cellulose.

Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

Distinguish between the two diets.

Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

Outline how the amphipathic properties of phospholipids play a role in membrane structure.

The diagrams show how monosaccharide molecules are joined to form chains in two polysaccharides.

Outline how the amphipathic properties of phospholipids play a role in membrane structure.

Describe the structure of starch.

What are the type of reaction and the product(s) shown in this reaction?

The diagram shows two polysaccharides, formed from condensation of many glucose molecules.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What are the names of X and Y?

Annotate the diagram to illustrate the amphipathic nature of phospholipids.

Outline a function of cholesterol in cell membranes.

The table shows the approximate energy stores in a man with an average mass.

_{[Source: Reprinted from Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5(2),
Cahill Jr., G.F., Starvation in Man, Copyright (1976), with permission from Elsevier.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  The brain contains no short-term stored energy.

B.  The liver contains less long-term than short-term stored energy.

C.  The adipose tissue provides for most of the long-term energy storage.

D.  Carbohydrates provide more energy per gram than lipids or proteins.

The table shows the approximate energy stores in a man with an average mass.

_{[Source: Reprinted from Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5(2),
Cahill Jr., G.F., Starvation in Man, Copyright (1976), with permission from Elsevier.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  The brain contains no short-term stored energy.

B.  The liver contains less long-term than short-term stored energy.

C.  The adipose tissue provides for most of the long-term energy storage.

D.  Carbohydrates provide more energy per gram than lipids or proteins.

Broad beans are rich in starch and cellulose. Compare and contrast the structure of starch and cellulose.

Broad beans are rich in starch and cellulose. Compare and contrast the structure of starch and cellulose.

Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

Distinguish between the two diets.

Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

Distinguish between the two diets.

Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

Outline how the amphipathic properties of phospholipids play a role in membrane structure.

Outline how the amphipathic properties of phospholipids play a role in membrane structure.

The diagrams show how monosaccharide molecules are joined to form chains in two polysaccharides.

Outline how the amphipathic properties of phospholipids play a role in membrane structure.

Outline how the amphipathic properties of phospholipids play a role in membrane structure.

Describe the structure of starch.

Describe the structure of starch.

What are the type of reaction and the product(s) shown in this reaction?

The diagram shows two polysaccharides, formed from condensation of many glucose molecules.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What are the names of X and Y?

Annotate the diagram to illustrate the amphipathic nature of phospholipids.

Outline a function of cholesterol in cell membranes.

Annotate the diagram to illustrate the amphipathic nature of phospholipids.

Outline a function of cholesterol in cell membranes.

The table shows the approximate energy stores in a man with an average mass.

_{[Source: Reprinted from Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5(2),
Cahill Jr., G.F., Starvation in Man, Copyright (1976), with permission from Elsevier.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  The brain contains no short-term stored energy.

B.  The liver contains less long-term than short-term stored energy.

C.  The adipose tissue provides for most of the long-term energy storage.

D.  Carbohydrates provide more energy per gram than lipids or proteins.

The table shows the approximate energy stores in a man with an average mass.

_{[Source: Reprinted from Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5(2),
Cahill Jr., G.F., Starvation in Man, Copyright (1976), with permission from Elsevier.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  The brain contains no short-term stored energy.

B.  The liver contains less long-term than short-term stored energy.

C.  The adipose tissue provides for most of the long-term energy storage.

D.  Carbohydrates provide more energy per gram than lipids or proteins.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

Explain what happens to an enzyme if there is a change of pH.

The image shows the structure of the protein hemoglobin

Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

Distinguish between the two diets.

Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

Explain how denaturation affects the activity of an enzyme.

Describe the secondary structure of proteins.

The diagram shows the structure of E. coli ribonuclease HI, a bacterial protein consisting of one polypeptide chain.

Cells produce a large variety of proteins with different sequences of amino acids. Explain how this is done.

Outline the process of protein denaturation.

Discuss briefly whether amino acids on the surface of the protein are likely to be polar or non-polar.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

Explain what happens to an enzyme if there is a change of pH.

Explain what happens to an enzyme if there is a change of pH.

The image shows the structure of the protein hemoglobin

Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

Distinguish between the two diets.

Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

Distinguish between the two diets.

Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

Explain how denaturation affects the activity of an enzyme.

Explain how denaturation affects the activity of an enzyme.

Describe the secondary structure of proteins.

Describe the secondary structure of proteins.

The diagram shows the structure of E. coli ribonuclease HI, a bacterial protein consisting of one polypeptide chain.

Cells produce a large variety of proteins with different sequences of amino acids. Explain how this is done.

Cells produce a large variety of proteins with different sequences of amino acids. Explain how this is done.

Outline the process of protein denaturation.

Outline the process of protein denaturation.

Discuss briefly whether amino acids on the surface of the protein are likely to be polar or non-polar.

Discuss briefly whether amino acids on the surface of the protein are likely to be polar or non-polar.

Label the model A diagram to show a region of protein.

Which process(es) occur(s) by osmosis?

I. Uptake of water by cells in the wall of the intestine

II. Loss of water from a plant cell in a hypertonic environment

III. Evaporation of water from sweat on the skin surface

A. I only

B. I and II only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

The table shows concentrations of potassium ions and sodium ions inside and outside human cells.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What explains these concentrations?

A. Potassium ions diffuse in and sodium ions diffuse out.

B. Sodium ions diffuse in and potassium ions diffuse out.

C. Active transport pumps sodium ions in and potassium ions out.

D. Active transport pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in.

The diagram shows a section through a membrane. What are the modes of transport in the diagram?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Outline four different processes, with examples, that allow substances to pass through the plasma membrane.

Draw one phospholipid molecule on the diagram to show a possible position in the membrane.

Label the model A diagram to show a region of protein.

Which process(es) occur(s) by osmosis?

I. Uptake of water by cells in the wall of the intestine

II. Loss of water from a plant cell in a hypertonic environment

III. Evaporation of water from sweat on the skin surface

A. I only

B. I and II only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

The table shows concentrations of potassium ions and sodium ions inside and outside human cells.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What explains these concentrations?

A. Potassium ions diffuse in and sodium ions diffuse out.

B. Sodium ions diffuse in and potassium ions diffuse out.

C. Active transport pumps sodium ions in and potassium ions out.

D. Active transport pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in.

The diagram shows a section through a membrane. What are the modes of transport in the diagram?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Outline four different processes, with examples, that allow substances to pass through the plasma membrane.

Outline four different processes, with examples, that allow substances to pass through the plasma membrane.

Draw one phospholipid molecule on the diagram to show a possible position in the membrane.

Draw one phospholipid molecule on the diagram to show a possible position in the membrane.

Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts in terms of the substrates they use and the products they produce. 

Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion.

X:

Y:

Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis.

The diagram represents transcription and translation.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

What structures do the letters X and Y represent?

What is the primary function of the free ribosomes shown in the electron micrograph?

Explain how vesicles are used by cells to move materials.

Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts in terms of the substrates they use and the products they produce. 

Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts in terms of the substrates they use and the products they produce. 

Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion.

X:

Y:

Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion.

X:

Y:

Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis.

Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis.

The diagram represents transcription and translation.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

What structures do the letters X and Y represent?

What is the primary function of the free ribosomes shown in the electron micrograph?

Explain how vesicles are used by cells to move materials.

Explain how vesicles are used by cells to move materials.

The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.

[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]

What occurs during muscle contraction?

A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.

B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.

C. The bands labelled X get shorter.

D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.

Outline the significance of surface area to volume ratio in the limitation of cell size.

Three cell types are shown in the micrographs.

[Source: left: UCSF School of Medicine, Courtesy of Prof. D Schmucker. middle: Professor Roger Meicenheimer, Miami University, Department of Botany. right: Courtesy of visualhistology.com.]

What feature distinguishes striated muscle fibres from the three cell types shown in the images?

A. Mitochondria

B. Nucleoid regions

C. Multinucleate structure

D. Membrane-bound organelles

The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?

Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.

Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio with increasing cell diameter?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The diagrams represent cells with the same concentration of dissolved substances in their cytoplasm. If all the cells were placed in the same hypertonic sucrose solution, which cell would show the greatest rate of change in the concentration of its cytoplasm?

Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.

The graph shows the concentration of the lipid lecithin in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during normal gestation. This lipid is produced in the lungs of the fetus and acts as a surfactant.

[Source: Gluck, L. and Kulovich, M., n.d. [Concentrations of phospholipids]. [graph online] Available at:
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chpt12-LungDev.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

What problem may occur in a baby born before 34 weeks gestation?

A.  Type I pneumocytes do not produce sufficient surfactant for lungs to inflate.

B.  There are no type II pneumocytes.

C.  The alveolar walls stick together.

D.  The alveoli are too large.

The diagram shows a section through an alveolus.

[Source: Bergman, Ronald A., Ph.D., and D'Alessandro, Michael P., M.D. Pulmonary alveoli, “Anatomy Atlases”. Available online: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ [Accessed 02/01/2023].]

What are the functions of the following labelled structures?

Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.

Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.

Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.

The image shows part of a myofibril from a relaxed muscle fibre.

[Source: Sarcomere. Sameerb. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif
[Accessed 30 November 2021].]

What occurs during muscle contraction?

A. Myosin binding sites are blocked.

B. The bands labelled Y get shorter.

C. The bands labelled X get shorter.

D. Calcium ions bind to myosin.

Outline the significance of surface area to volume ratio in the limitation of cell size.

Outline the significance of surface area to volume ratio in the limitation of cell size.

Three cell types are shown in the micrographs.

[Source: left: UCSF School of Medicine, Courtesy of Prof. D Schmucker. middle: Professor Roger Meicenheimer, Miami University, Department of Botany. right: Courtesy of visualhistology.com.]

What feature distinguishes striated muscle fibres from the three cell types shown in the images?

A. Mitochondria

B. Nucleoid regions

C. Multinucleate structure

D. Membrane-bound organelles

The micrograph shows part of a human sperm cell. Which region of the cell is responsible for the greatest production of ATP?

Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.

Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio with increasing cell diameter?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The diagrams represent cells with the same concentration of dissolved substances in their cytoplasm. If all the cells were placed in the same hypertonic sucrose solution, which cell would show the greatest rate of change in the concentration of its cytoplasm?

Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.

Outline two adaptations for water conservation in leaves of desert plants.

The graph shows the concentration of the lipid lecithin in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during normal gestation. This lipid is produced in the lungs of the fetus and acts as a surfactant.

[Source: Gluck, L. and Kulovich, M., n.d. [Concentrations of phospholipids]. [graph online] Available at:
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chpt12-LungDev.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

What problem may occur in a baby born before 34 weeks gestation?

A.  Type I pneumocytes do not produce sufficient surfactant for lungs to inflate.

B.  There are no type II pneumocytes.

C.  The alveolar walls stick together.

D.  The alveoli are too large.

The diagram shows a section through an alveolus.

[Source: Bergman, Ronald A., Ph.D., and D'Alessandro, Michael P., M.D. Pulmonary alveoli, “Anatomy Atlases”. Available online: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ [Accessed 02/01/2023].]

What are the functions of the following labelled structures?

Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.

Outline how stem cells develop into specialized cells during development of the embryo.

Using the graph, explain the Bohr shift.

Calculate the magnification of the image, showing your working.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

The mean stomatal density for the lower epidermis of P. decandrum was around 600 per mm². Predict how the stomatal density for the upper epidermis would compare.

Outline the process of inhalation.

Explain the process of gas exchange taking place in the alveoli.

Outline how ventilation rate could have been monitored in this study.

The apparatus in the diagram was used to assess the effects of factors on transpiration rates.

[Source: Republished with permission of Springer-Verlag from Experimentelle Pflanzenphysiologie: Band 2, Peter Schopfer, 1st edition, 1st Jan 1989; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

Which factor would be a controlled variable in an experiment designed to assess the effects of temperature on transpiration rate?

A. The opening and closing of stomata

B. The intensity of light striking the plant

C. The height of the water in the reservoir

D. The evaporation of water from the leaves

Describe how changes in weather conditions affect the transport and loss of water in plants.

A plant is allowed to photosynthesize in an atmosphere containing radioactive ¹⁴C. Where in the plant stem would radioactive sugars be found?

[Source: sinhyu/123rf.com.]

Discuss the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves for adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin.

The apparatus is set up to measure the rate of transpiration. As transpiration occurs from the leafy shoot, water is drawn through the apparatus and is measured by timing the movement of the air bubble along the capillary tube.

Which variable(s) must be controlled if transpiration rates are compared in different plant species?

I.   Total leaf surface area

II.  Volume of water in the reservoir

III. Room temperature

A.  I only

B.  III only

C.  I and III only

D.  I, II and III

Explain how breathing is controlled by the brain.

Outline the reason that the curve for fetal hemoglobin is to the left of normal adult hemoglobin.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Using the graph, explain the Bohr shift.

Calculate the magnification of the image, showing your working.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

The mean stomatal density for the lower epidermis of P. decandrum was around 600 per mm². Predict how the stomatal density for the upper epidermis would compare.

Outline the process of inhalation.

Explain the process of gas exchange taking place in the alveoli.

Outline the process of inhalation.

Explain the process of gas exchange taking place in the alveoli.

Outline how ventilation rate could have been monitored in this study.

The apparatus in the diagram was used to assess the effects of factors on transpiration rates.

[Source: Republished with permission of Springer-Verlag from Experimentelle Pflanzenphysiologie: Band 2, Peter Schopfer, 1st edition, 1st Jan 1989; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

Which factor would be a controlled variable in an experiment designed to assess the effects of temperature on transpiration rate?

A. The opening and closing of stomata

B. The intensity of light striking the plant

C. The height of the water in the reservoir

D. The evaporation of water from the leaves

Describe how changes in weather conditions affect the transport and loss of water in plants.

Describe how changes in weather conditions affect the transport and loss of water in plants.

A plant is allowed to photosynthesize in an atmosphere containing radioactive ¹⁴C. Where in the plant stem would radioactive sugars be found?

[Source: sinhyu/123rf.com.]

Discuss the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves for adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin.

The apparatus is set up to measure the rate of transpiration. As transpiration occurs from the leafy shoot, water is drawn through the apparatus and is measured by timing the movement of the air bubble along the capillary tube.

Which variable(s) must be controlled if transpiration rates are compared in different plant species?

I.   Total leaf surface area

II.  Volume of water in the reservoir

III. Room temperature

A.  I only

B.  III only

C.  I and III only

D.  I, II and III

Explain how breathing is controlled by the brain.

Outline the reason that the curve for fetal hemoglobin is to the left of normal adult hemoglobin.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Explain one reason gas exchange is more challenging in larger species of organisms.

secretion of of surfactant.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

The light micrograph shows two blood vessels, an artery and a vein, in transverse section.

[Source: Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, n.d. Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium. [image online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab02_squamous.html [Accessed 29 November 2019].]

What explains the different shapes of these blood vessels?

A. Arteries do not have valves.

B. Muscle cells are found only in the walls of veins.

C. Arteries have a larger lumen-to-wall thickness ratio.

D. There are fewer elastic fibres in the walls of veins.

Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.

Outline how the compounds produced by chloroplasts are distributed throughout the plant.

This micrograph shows a transverse section of an artery.

Label with an R the tissue where the red dye would appear.

Label with a C the tissue where organic compounds are transported.

Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.

Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.

The image shows part of a section through the stem of a non-woody plant.

On the diagram, label the aorta.

On the diagram, label the right atrium. 

In the micrograph of a plant stem, which letter indicates the xylem?

[Source: adapted from Kelvinsong/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en]

Describe the processes that cause water to move from the roots of plants to their leaves.

State the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.

Independent: 

Dependent: 

State one feature of the rings that has to be kept constant apart from their initial diameter.

Explain the differences between the results shown for vein and artery.

The diagram shows the human heart.

The image shows part of a section through the stem of a non-woody plant. Where does transport of sucrose occur?

[Source: Courtesy of Kelly Cude, PhD, Professor Biological Sciences, College of the Canyons.]

Distinguish between the xylem and phloem of plants.

The graph shows blood pressure changes on the left side of the heart during one heartbeat. Identify the two parts of the circulatory system that produce traces I and II on the graph.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.

State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.

The image shows the four chambers of the mammalian heart viewed from the ventral side. The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of one of these chambers. Which chamber is it?

Which diagram represents blood flow through the mammalian heart?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Explain how carbohydrates are transported from plant leaves.

The diagram shows a staggered transverse section (cut across rather than down) through the heart.

[Source: Oregon State University, n.d. Heart Anatomy. [diagram online] Available at:
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/19-1-heart-anatomy/ [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

In what state are the valves when the ventricles are contracting?

Describe the transport of carbon compounds such as sucrose and amino acids in phloem.

Annotate the diagram by adding arrows to show how deoxygenated blood enters the heart.

Explain the function of the left ventricle.

Outline the role of the right atrium in the cardiac cycle.

Compare and contrast the effect on men and women of an increase in serum cholesterol.

Explain how cardiac muscle is adapted to its function.

Scientific evidence demonstrates that reducing total cardiovascular risk results in the prevention of coronary heart disease. The chart shows attributable deaths in global population (in thousands) due to six leading cardiovascular risk factors.

Mendis, Shanthi, Puska, Pekka, Norrving, B, World Health Organization, World Heart Federation et al. (2011). Global
atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control / edited by: Shanthi Mendis ... [et al.]. World Health Organization.
Graph of attributable deaths due to selected risk factors.

Describe how two named risk factors shown in the graph can lead to coronary heart disease.

1.

2.

The light micrograph shows the structure of blood vessels in a muscle.

_{[Source: Calvo, J.L., n.d. [image online] Available at: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/muscular-artery-veinnervebundles-
surrounded-785176687 [Accessed 12 January 2022].]}

Which blood vessel is shown by X?

A.  A vein

B.  An artery

C.  An arteriole

D.  A capillary

The stem of a young plant is cut through and the cut end is immersed in water containing a red dye. The plant continues to transpire as normal. In what region of the stem would the red colour be visible soon after immersion?

_{[Source: Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library, 2014. Herbaceous Dicot Stem: Vascular Bundles Young
Helianthus. [image online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/146824358@N03/36834307513 [Accessed
4 October 2021]. Public domain.]}

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

The light micrograph shows two blood vessels, an artery and a vein, in transverse section.

[Source: Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, n.d. Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium. [image online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab02_squamous.html [Accessed 29 November 2019].]

What explains the different shapes of these blood vessels?

A. Arteries do not have valves.

B. Muscle cells are found only in the walls of veins.

C. Arteries have a larger lumen-to-wall thickness ratio.

D. There are fewer elastic fibres in the walls of veins.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

The light micrograph shows two blood vessels, an artery and a vein, in transverse section.

[Source: Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, n.d. Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium. [image online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab02_squamous.html [Accessed 29 November 2019].]

What explains the different shapes of these blood vessels?

A. Arteries do not have valves.

B. Muscle cells are found only in the walls of veins.

C. Arteries have a larger lumen-to-wall thickness ratio.

D. There are fewer elastic fibres in the walls of veins.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

The light micrograph shows two blood vessels, an artery and a vein, in transverse section.

[Source: Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, n.d. Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium. [image online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab02_squamous.html [Accessed 29 November 2019].]

What explains the different shapes of these blood vessels?

A. Arteries do not have valves.

B. Muscle cells are found only in the walls of veins.

C. Arteries have a larger lumen-to-wall thickness ratio.

D. There are fewer elastic fibres in the walls of veins.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

The light micrograph shows two blood vessels, an artery and a vein, in transverse section.

[Source: Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, n.d. Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium. [image online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab02_squamous.html [Accessed 29 November 2019].]

What explains the different shapes of these blood vessels?

A. Arteries do not have valves.

B. Muscle cells are found only in the walls of veins.

C. Arteries have a larger lumen-to-wall thickness ratio.

D. There are fewer elastic fibres in the walls of veins.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

Describe how plants transport organic compounds from where they are made to where they are stored.

The light micrograph shows two blood vessels, an artery and a vein, in transverse section.

[Source: Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning, n.d. Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium. [image online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab02_squamous.html [Accessed 29 November 2019].]

What explains the different shapes of these blood vessels?

A. Arteries do not have valves.

B. Muscle cells are found only in the walls of veins.

C. Arteries have a larger lumen-to-wall thickness ratio.

D. There are fewer elastic fibres in the walls of veins.

Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.

Outline how the compounds produced by chloroplasts are distributed throughout the plant.

Outline how the compounds produced by chloroplasts are distributed throughout the plant.

This micrograph shows a transverse section of an artery.

This micrograph shows a transverse section of an artery.

Label with an R the tissue where the red dye would appear.

Label with a C the tissue where organic compounds are transported.

Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.

Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.

The image shows part of a section through the stem of a non-woody plant.

On the diagram, label the aorta.

On the diagram, label the right atrium. 

On the diagram, label the aorta.

On the diagram, label the right atrium. 

In the micrograph of a plant stem, which letter indicates the xylem?

[Source: adapted from Kelvinsong/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en]

Describe the processes that cause water to move from the roots of plants to their leaves.

Describe the processes that cause water to move from the roots of plants to their leaves.

State the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.

Independent: 

Dependent: 

State one feature of the rings that has to be kept constant apart from their initial diameter.

Explain the differences between the results shown for vein and artery.

The diagram shows the human heart.

The image shows part of a section through the stem of a non-woody plant. Where does transport of sucrose occur?

[Source: Courtesy of Kelly Cude, PhD, Professor Biological Sciences, College of the Canyons.]

Distinguish between the xylem and phloem of plants.

Distinguish between the xylem and phloem of plants.

The graph shows blood pressure changes on the left side of the heart during one heartbeat. Identify the two parts of the circulatory system that produce traces I and II on the graph.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The graph shows blood pressure changes on the left side of the heart during one heartbeat. Identify the two parts of the circulatory system that produce traces I and II on the graph.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.

State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.

The image shows the four chambers of the mammalian heart viewed from the ventral side. The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of one of these chambers. Which chamber is it?

Which diagram represents blood flow through the mammalian heart?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Explain how carbohydrates are transported from plant leaves.

The diagram shows a staggered transverse section (cut across rather than down) through the heart.

[Source: Oregon State University, n.d. Heart Anatomy. [diagram online] Available at:
https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/19-1-heart-anatomy/ [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

In what state are the valves when the ventricles are contracting?

Describe the transport of carbon compounds such as sucrose and amino acids in phloem.

Describe the transport of carbon compounds such as sucrose and amino acids in phloem.

Annotate the diagram by adding arrows to show how deoxygenated blood enters the heart.

Explain the function of the left ventricle.

Annotate the diagram by adding arrows to show how deoxygenated blood enters the heart.

Explain the function of the left ventricle.

Outline the role of the right atrium in the cardiac cycle.

Outline the role of the right atrium in the cardiac cycle.

Compare and contrast the effect on men and women of an increase in serum cholesterol.

Explain how cardiac muscle is adapted to its function.

Scientific evidence demonstrates that reducing total cardiovascular risk results in the prevention of coronary heart disease. The chart shows attributable deaths in global population (in thousands) due to six leading cardiovascular risk factors.

Mendis, Shanthi, Puska, Pekka, Norrving, B, World Health Organization, World Heart Federation et al. (2011). Global
atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control / edited by: Shanthi Mendis ... [et al.]. World Health Organization.
Graph of attributable deaths due to selected risk factors.

Describe how two named risk factors shown in the graph can lead to coronary heart disease.

1.

2.

The light micrograph shows the structure of blood vessels in a muscle.

_{[Source: Calvo, J.L., n.d. [image online] Available at: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/muscular-artery-veinnervebundles-
surrounded-785176687 [Accessed 12 January 2022].]}

Which blood vessel is shown by X?

A.  A vein

B.  An artery

C.  An arteriole

D.  A capillary

The stem of a young plant is cut through and the cut end is immersed in water containing a red dye. The plant continues to transpire as normal. In what region of the stem would the red colour be visible soon after immersion?

_{[Source: Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library, 2014. Herbaceous Dicot Stem: Vascular Bundles Young
Helianthus. [image online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/146824358@N03/36834307513 [Accessed
4 October 2021]. Public domain.]}

The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres in myofibrils of striated muscle during muscle contraction. The lines P–Q and R–S show two regions of one sarcomere.

[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier - Health Sciences Division from Cell by Don W. Fawcett 1981 ; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

How would regions P–Q and R–S change when the muscle relaxes?

The diagram shows structures involved in contraction of a sarcomere.

The diagram represents a sarcomere. Which structure is myosin?

[Source: MPI of Molecular Plant Physiology. [Sarcomere]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.macroevolution.net/sarcomere.html [accessed 4 April 2019]. Source adapted.]

Movement of insects requires muscles in antagonistic pairs. The diagram shows an insect leg with muscles labelled X and Y.

[Source: Johnson, S.K., n.d. [Insect leg]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.susankjohnson.com/portfolio.shtml
[Accessed 26 October 2021].]

What actions in the human arm are equivalent to muscle X contracting and muscle Y relaxing?

A.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm extends

B.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm flexes

C.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm flexes

D.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm extends

State the mode for the number of steps per day in Japan and USA, rounding your answers up or down to the nearest 1000 steps.

Japan: ..................................................................................................

USA:  ....................................................................................................

Identify the city with the highest and the city with the lowest walkability.

Highest: .............................................................................................

Lowest: ..............................................................................................

Suggest reasons for the relationship shown in the graph.

Compare and contrast the data in the chart for males and females.

Suggest two hypotheses to account for the relationship between the mean number of steps per day and the proportion of people who are obese.

Hypothesis 1: ...........................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Hypothesis 2: ...........................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

The photograph shows a scorpion (Pandinus imperator).

_{[Source: Baird, M. L. Pandinus imperator. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_scorpion_or_Imperial_scorpion_(Pandinus_imperator).jpg. Public domain.]}

What recognition features indicate that it is an arthropod?

A.  Exoskeleton and articulated legs

B.  Segmented body and endoskeleton

C.  Soft body covered by calcium exoskeleton

D.  Body divided into three parts and radial symmetry

The electron micrograph shows sarcomeres in myofibrils of striated muscle during muscle contraction. The lines P–Q and R–S show two regions of one sarcomere.

[Source: Republished with permission of Elsevier - Health Sciences Division from Cell by Don W. Fawcett 1981 ; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

How would regions P–Q and R–S change when the muscle relaxes?

The diagram shows structures involved in contraction of a sarcomere.

The diagram represents a sarcomere. Which structure is myosin?

[Source: MPI of Molecular Plant Physiology. [Sarcomere]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.macroevolution.net/sarcomere.html [accessed 4 April 2019]. Source adapted.]

Movement of insects requires muscles in antagonistic pairs. The diagram shows an insect leg with muscles labelled X and Y.

[Source: Johnson, S.K., n.d. [Insect leg]. [diagram online] Available at: http://www.susankjohnson.com/portfolio.shtml
[Accessed 26 October 2021].]

What actions in the human arm are equivalent to muscle X contracting and muscle Y relaxing?

A.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm extends

B.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm flexes

C.  triceps contracts, biceps relaxes, arm flexes

D.  biceps contracts, triceps relaxes, arm extends

State the mode for the number of steps per day in Japan and USA, rounding your answers up or down to the nearest 1000 steps.

Japan: ..................................................................................................

USA:  ....................................................................................................

Identify the city with the highest and the city with the lowest walkability.

Highest: .............................................................................................

Lowest: ..............................................................................................

Suggest reasons for the relationship shown in the graph.

Compare and contrast the data in the chart for males and females.

Suggest two hypotheses to account for the relationship between the mean number of steps per day and the proportion of people who are obese.

Hypothesis 1: ...........................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Hypothesis 2: ...........................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

State the mode for the number of steps per day in Japan and USA, rounding your answers up or down to the nearest 1000 steps.

Japan: ..................................................................................................

USA:  ....................................................................................................

Identify the city with the highest and the city with the lowest walkability.

Highest: .............................................................................................

Lowest: ..............................................................................................

Suggest reasons for the relationship shown in the graph.

Compare and contrast the data in the chart for males and females.

Suggest two hypotheses to account for the relationship between the mean number of steps per day and the proportion of people who are obese.

Hypothesis 1: ...........................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Hypothesis 2: ...........................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

The photograph shows a scorpion (Pandinus imperator).

_{[Source: Baird, M. L. Pandinus imperator. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_scorpion_or_Imperial_scorpion_(Pandinus_imperator).jpg. Public domain.]}

What recognition features indicate that it is an arthropod?

A.  Exoskeleton and articulated legs

B.  Segmented body and endoskeleton

C.  Soft body covered by calcium exoskeleton

D.  Body divided into three parts and radial symmetry

Outline how the data could have been obtained.

Describe the distribution of C. montagui and S. balanoides barnacles in Butter Lump Bay.

Describe the evidence that is provided by the data in the table for the harmful effects of rising sea temperatures on corals.

The researchers concluded that there was a threshold coral cover percentage, below which infection rates tended to remain fairly low. Using the data in the table, identify this threshold level.

Suggest a reason for a larger percentage of corals being infected with white syndrome on reefs with a higher cover of corals.

Compare and contrast the data for 1998–1999 and 2002–2003.

Some scientists predict that, if humans continue to produce carbon dioxide at the current rate, the pH of the oceans will become more acidic. Suggest possible effects on the coral reefs.

Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.

Describe two limiting factors on this ecosystem.

Outline how the data could have been obtained.

Describe the distribution of C. montagui and S. balanoides barnacles in Butter Lump Bay.

Describe the evidence that is provided by the data in the table for the harmful effects of rising sea temperatures on corals.

The researchers concluded that there was a threshold coral cover percentage, below which infection rates tended to remain fairly low. Using the data in the table, identify this threshold level.

Suggest a reason for a larger percentage of corals being infected with white syndrome on reefs with a higher cover of corals.

Compare and contrast the data for 1998–1999 and 2002–2003.

Some scientists predict that, if humans continue to produce carbon dioxide at the current rate, the pH of the oceans will become more acidic. Suggest possible effects on the coral reefs.

Describe the evidence that is provided by the data in the table for the harmful effects of rising sea temperatures on corals.

The researchers concluded that there was a threshold coral cover percentage, below which infection rates tended to remain fairly low. Using the data in the table, identify this threshold level.

Suggest a reason for a larger percentage of corals being infected with white syndrome on reefs with a higher cover of corals.

Compare and contrast the data for 1998–1999 and 2002–2003.

Some scientists predict that, if humans continue to produce carbon dioxide at the current rate, the pH of the oceans will become more acidic. Suggest possible effects on the coral reefs.

Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.

Describe adaptations in mammals living in desert ecosystems to maintain osmolarity in their bodies.

Describe two limiting factors on this ecosystem.

Discuss whether the data supports the hypothesis that the gradient in cyanogenesis is due to its benefits against herbivory in rural areas.

Explain the change in numbers of the cactus moth throughout the study period.

The pie chart shows the modes of nutrition of fungi in Huahu Lake wetland in China.

_{[Source: Fei Xie, Anzhou Ma, Hanchang Zhou, Yu Liang, Jun Yin, Ke Ma, Xuliang Zhuang and Guoqiang Zhuang, 2020.
Revealing Fungal Communities in Alpine Wetlands through Species Diversity, Functional Diversity and Ecological
Network Diversity. Microorganisms, 8, p. 632. Open Access.]} 

What is the most common mode of nutrition of fungi in this wetland?

A.  Heterotrophic fungi that feed on living organisms by ingestion

B.  Autotrophic fungi that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion

C.  Fungi that have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition

D.  Heterotrophic fungi obtaining nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion

The pie chart shows the modes of nutrition of fungi in Huahu Lake wetland in China.

_{[Source: Fei Xie, Anzhou Ma, Hanchang Zhou, Yu Liang, Jun Yin, Ke Ma, Xuliang Zhuang and Guoqiang Zhuang, 2020.
Revealing Fungal Communities in Alpine Wetlands through Species Diversity, Functional Diversity and Ecological
Network Diversity. Microorganisms, 8, p. 632. Open Access.]} 

What is the most common mode of nutrition of fungi in this wetland?

A.  Heterotrophic fungi that feed on living organisms by ingestion

B.  Autotrophic fungi that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion

C.  Fungi that have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition

D.  Heterotrophic fungi obtaining nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion

Discuss whether the data supports the hypothesis that the gradient in cyanogenesis is due to its benefits against herbivory in rural areas.

Discuss whether the data supports the hypothesis that the gradient in cyanogenesis is due to its benefits against herbivory in rural areas.

Explain the change in numbers of the cactus moth throughout the study period.

The pie chart shows the modes of nutrition of fungi in Huahu Lake wetland in China.

_{[Source: Fei Xie, Anzhou Ma, Hanchang Zhou, Yu Liang, Jun Yin, Ke Ma, Xuliang Zhuang and Guoqiang Zhuang, 2020.
Revealing Fungal Communities in Alpine Wetlands through Species Diversity, Functional Diversity and Ecological
Network Diversity. Microorganisms, 8, p. 632. Open Access.]} 

What is the most common mode of nutrition of fungi in this wetland?

A.  Heterotrophic fungi that feed on living organisms by ingestion

B.  Autotrophic fungi that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion

C.  Fungi that have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition

D.  Heterotrophic fungi obtaining nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion

The pie chart shows the modes of nutrition of fungi in Huahu Lake wetland in China.

_{[Source: Fei Xie, Anzhou Ma, Hanchang Zhou, Yu Liang, Jun Yin, Ke Ma, Xuliang Zhuang and Guoqiang Zhuang, 2020.
Revealing Fungal Communities in Alpine Wetlands through Species Diversity, Functional Diversity and Ecological
Network Diversity. Microorganisms, 8, p. 632. Open Access.]} 

What is the most common mode of nutrition of fungi in this wetland?

A.  Heterotrophic fungi that feed on living organisms by ingestion

B.  Autotrophic fungi that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion

C.  Fungi that have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition

D.  Heterotrophic fungi obtaining nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion