B1.2. Proteins

Sub sections and their related questions

B1.2.1. Generalized structure of an amino acid

• 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.6:

  The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

  

  [Source: Lu, J., Chatterjee, M., Schmid, H. et al. CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator.
  J Inflamm 13, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-015-0109-9 Distributed under the terms of the
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

   

  Which chemical group is found at X?

  A. NH₂

  B. NOH

  C. COH

  D. COOH

• 19N.1A.HL.TZ0.28: How do R group interactions contribute to protein structure? I. Determining the sequence of...
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.2: The diagram shows the elements present in two organic molecules, W and X.Which molecules could W...
• 23M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: Arginine and ornithine are in the same group of biochemicals. Identify this group.
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.2: The diagram shows the elements present in two organic molecules, W and X.Which molecules could W...
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.2: The diagram shows the elements present in two organic molecules, W and X.Which molecules could W...
• 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.6:

  The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

  

  [Source: Lu, J., Chatterjee, M., Schmid, H. et al. CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator.
  J Inflamm 13, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-015-0109-9 Distributed under the terms of the
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

   

  Which chemical group is found at X?

  A. NH₂

  B. NOH

  C. COH

  D. COOH

• 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.6:

  The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

  

  [Source: Lu, J., Chatterjee, M., Schmid, H. et al. CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator.
  J Inflamm 13, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-015-0109-9 Distributed under the terms of the
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

   

  Which chemical group is found at X?

  A. NH₂

  B. NOH

  C. COH

  D. COOH

• 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.6:

  The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

  

  [Source: Lu, J., Chatterjee, M., Schmid, H. et al. CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator.
  J Inflamm 13, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-015-0109-9 Distributed under the terms of the
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

   

  Which chemical group is found at X?

  A. NH₂

  B. NOH

  C. COH

  D. COOH

• 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.6:

  The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

  

  [Source: Lu, J., Chatterjee, M., Schmid, H. et al. CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator.
  J Inflamm 13, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-015-0109-9 Distributed under the terms of the
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

   

  Which chemical group is found at X?

  A. NH₂

  B. NOH

  C. COH

  D. COOH

• 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.6:

  The diagram shows the structure of the protein CXCL12.

  

  [Source: Lu, J., Chatterjee, M., Schmid, H. et al. CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator.
  J Inflamm 13, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-015-0109-9 Distributed under the terms of the
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).]

   

  Which chemical group is found at X?

  A. NH₂

  B. NOH

  C. COH

  D. COOH

• 19N.1A.HL.TZ0.28: How do R group interactions contribute to protein structure? I. Determining the sequence of...
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.2: The diagram shows the elements present in two organic molecules, W and X.Which molecules could W...
• 23M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: Arginine and ornithine are in the same group of biochemicals. Identify this group.
• 23M.2.SL.TZ2.a: Arginine and ornithine are in the same group of biochemicals. Identify this group.

B1.2.2. Condensation reactions forming dipeptides and longer chains of amino acids

• 20N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: Draw a molecular diagram to show the formation of a peptide bond.
• 19N.2.SL.TZ0.2d.i: Annotate the diagram to show a peptide bond between two amino acids.
• 21N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: The figure shows a tripeptide. Label one peptide bond in this molecule.
• 19M.2.SL.TZ2.6b: Draw the structure of a dipeptide.
• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.4a: The figure shows a tripeptide. Label one peptide bond in this molecule.
• 19M.2.SL.TZ2.5b: Draw the structure of a dipeptide.
• 20N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: Draw a molecular diagram to show the formation of a peptide bond.
• 20N.2.SL.TZ0.a: Draw a molecular diagram to show the formation of a peptide bond.
• 19N.2.SL.TZ0.d.i: Annotate the diagram to show a peptide bond between two amino acids.
• 21N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: The figure shows a tripeptide. Label one peptide bond in this molecule.
• 21N.2.SL.TZ0.a: The figure shows a tripeptide. Label one peptide bond in this molecule.
• 19M.2.SL.TZ2.b: Draw the structure of a dipeptide.
• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.4a: The figure shows a tripeptide. Label one peptide bond in this molecule.
• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.a: The figure shows a tripeptide. Label one peptide bond in this molecule.
• 19M.2.SL.TZ2.5b: Draw the structure of a dipeptide.
• 19M.2.SL.TZ2.b: Draw the structure of a dipeptide.

B1.2.3. Dietary requirements for amino acids

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1a:

  Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1b:

  Distinguish between the two diets.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1c:

  Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

   

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1e:

  The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1a:

  Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1b:

  Distinguish between the two diets.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1c:

  Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

   

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.1e:

  The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.a:

  Comment on the total energy content of the two diets.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.b:

  Distinguish between the two diets.

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.c:

  Calculate, showing your working, the percentage change in mean cholesterol level after one week on the study diet.

   

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%

• 20N.1B.SL.TZ0.e:

  The hypothesis made before the study was that saturated fats in the diet affected the risk of coronary artery blockage and diabetes. Using all the data in question 1, evaluate whether this hypothesis is supported by the study.

B1.2.4. Infinite variety of possible peptide chains

• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: State how many different types of amino acid there are, which can become part of a polypeptide...
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Outline the structure of proteins.
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.6b:

  Cells produce a large variety of proteins with different sequences of amino acids. Explain how this is done.

• 19N.2.SL.TZ0.6c: Explain how a polypeptide chain is synthesized in a eukaryotic cell.
• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: State how many different types of amino acid there are, which can become part of a polypeptide...
• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.a: State how many different types of amino acid there are, which can become part of a polypeptide...
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Outline the structure of proteins.
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.6b:

  Cells produce a large variety of proteins with different sequences of amino acids. Explain how this is done.

• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.a: Outline the structure of proteins.
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.b:

  Cells produce a large variety of proteins with different sequences of amino acids. Explain how this is done.

• 19N.2.SL.TZ0.6c: Explain how a polypeptide chain is synthesized in a eukaryotic cell.
• 19N.2.SL.TZ0.c: Explain how a polypeptide chain is synthesized in a eukaryotic cell.

B1.2.5. Effect of pH and temperature on protein structure

• 21M.2.SL.TZ2.2d.ii:

  Explain what happens to an enzyme if there is a change of pH.

• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.2b: Outline one cause of denaturation in proteins.
• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.2c:

  Explain how denaturation affects the activity of an enzyme.

• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Outline the structure of proteins.
• 21N.2.SL.TZ0.8a:

  Outline the process of protein denaturation.

• 21M.2.SL.TZ2.2d.ii:

  Explain what happens to an enzyme if there is a change of pH.

• 21M.2.SL.TZ2.d.ii:

  Explain what happens to an enzyme if there is a change of pH.

• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.2b: Outline one cause of denaturation in proteins.
• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.2c:

  Explain how denaturation affects the activity of an enzyme.

• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.b: Outline one cause of denaturation in proteins.
• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.c:

  Explain how denaturation affects the activity of an enzyme.

• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Outline the structure of proteins.
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.a: Outline the structure of proteins.
• 21N.2.SL.TZ0.8a:

  Outline the process of protein denaturation.

• 21N.2.SL.TZ0.a:

  Outline the process of protein denaturation.

B1.2.6. Chemical diversity in the R-groups of amino acids as a basis for the immense diversity in protein form and function

• 21M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Identify four other examples...
• SPM.1A.SL.TZ0.4: The diagrams show the structure of leucine, an essential amino acid. Which diagram highlights the...
• 23M.2.HL.TZ1.2c:

  Discuss briefly whether amino acids on the surface of the protein are likely to be polar or non-polar.

• SPM.1A.SL.TZ0.4: The diagrams show the structure of leucine, an essential amino acid. Which diagram highlights the...
• SPM.1A.SL.TZ0.4: The diagrams show the structure of leucine, an essential amino acid. Which diagram highlights the...
• 21M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Identify four other examples...
• 21M.2.HL.TZ2.c: The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Identify four other examples...
• SPM.1A.SL.TZ0.4: The diagrams show the structure of leucine, an essential amino acid. Which diagram highlights the...
• 23M.2.HL.TZ1.2c:

  Discuss briefly whether amino acids on the surface of the protein are likely to be polar or non-polar.

• 23M.2.HL.TZ1.c:

  Discuss briefly whether amino acids on the surface of the protein are likely to be polar or non-polar.

B1.2.7. Impact of primary structure on the conformation of proteins

None

B1.2.8. Pleating and coiling of secondary structure of proteins

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 21N.1A.HL.TZ1.6:

  The image shows the structure of the protein hemoglobin

  

  [Source: Hemoglobin molecule, Microbiology ID: [email protected] OpenStax Microbiology
  https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OSC_Microbio_07_04_
  hemoglobin.jpg Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
  https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.]

   

  What level of protein structure bonds the α and β chains together?

  A. Primary

  B. Secondary

  C. Tertiary

  D. Quaternary

• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.4b:

  Describe the secondary structure of proteins.

• 23M.2.HL.TZ1.2b: The receptor contains seven alpha helices and one other secondary structure. Deduce what this...
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.b:

  Explain the shape of the polypeptide chain at X.

• 21N.1A.HL.TZ1.6:

  The image shows the structure of the protein hemoglobin

  

  [Source: Hemoglobin molecule, Microbiology ID: [email protected] OpenStax Microbiology
  https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OSC_Microbio_07_04_
  hemoglobin.jpg Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
  https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.]

   

  What level of protein structure bonds the α and β chains together?

  A. Primary

  B. Secondary

  C. Tertiary

  D. Quaternary

• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.4b:

  Describe the secondary structure of proteins.

• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.b:

  Describe the secondary structure of proteins.

• 23M.2.HL.TZ1.2b: The receptor contains seven alpha helices and one other secondary structure. Deduce what this...
• 23M.2.HL.TZ1.b: The receptor contains seven alpha helices and one other secondary structure. Deduce what this...

B1.2.9. Dependence of tertiary structure on hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide covalent bonds and hydrophobic interactions

• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ2.7: Which organic molecules may contain the element sulphur? A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates C....
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ2.7: Which organic molecules may contain the element sulphur? A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates C....

B1.2.10. Effect of polar and non-polar amino acids on tertiary structure of proteins

• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 19N.1A.HL.TZ0.28: How do R group interactions contribute to protein structure? I. Determining the sequence of...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to the tertiary structure of enzymes? A. Tertiary structure is the...
• 19N.1A.HL.TZ0.28: How do R group interactions contribute to protein structure? I. Determining the sequence of...

B1.2.11. Quaternary structure of non-conjugated and conjugated proteins

• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.2b: Outline the specific functions of three named proteins.
• 22M.1A.HL.TZ2.28:

  The diagram shows the structure of E. coli ribonuclease HI, a bacterial protein consisting of one polypeptide chain.

  

  [Source: RCSB PDB. 1JL1 D10A E. coli ribonuclease HI. PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb1JL1/pdb Mol* (Goedken, E.R., Marqusee, S. Native-state energetics of a thermostabilized variant of ribonuclease HI. (2001) J Mol Biol 314:
  863–871 DOI:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5184) [image online] Available at: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1jl1 
  [Accessed 25 November 2019]. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).]

   

  Which level(s) of protein structure is/are shown?

  A. Alpha helix only

  B. Quaternary only

  C. Primary and secondary

  D. Secondary and tertiary

• 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.16: Which protein is identified with its function?
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 22M.2.HL.TZ1.a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.2b: Outline the specific functions of three named proteins.
• 21N.2.HL.TZ0.b: Outline the specific functions of three named proteins.
• 22M.1A.HL.TZ2.28:

  The diagram shows the structure of E. coli ribonuclease HI, a bacterial protein consisting of one polypeptide chain.

  

  [Source: RCSB PDB. 1JL1 D10A E. coli ribonuclease HI. PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb1JL1/pdb Mol* (Goedken, E.R., Marqusee, S. Native-state energetics of a thermostabilized variant of ribonuclease HI. (2001) J Mol Biol 314:
  863–871 DOI:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5184) [image online] Available at: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1jl1 
  [Accessed 25 November 2019]. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).]

   

  Which level(s) of protein structure is/are shown?

  A. Alpha helix only

  B. Quaternary only

  C. Primary and secondary

  D. Secondary and tertiary

• 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.16: Which protein is identified with its function?

B1.2.12. Relationship of form and function in globular and fibrous proteins

• 21M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Identify four other examples...
• 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.16: Which protein is identified with its function?
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.6: The diagram shows the structure of insulin. From the diagram, what can be concluded about the...
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.6: The diagram shows the structure of insulin. From the diagram, what can be concluded about the...
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.6: The diagram shows the structure of insulin. From the diagram, what can be concluded about the...
• 21M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Identify four other examples...
• 21M.2.HL.TZ2.c: The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. Identify four other examples...
• 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.16: Which protein is identified with its function?
• SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.6: The diagram shows the structure of insulin. From the diagram, what can be concluded about the...