DP Chemistry (first assessment 2025)

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Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure » Structure 2.4—From models to materials

Structure 2.4—From models to materials

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Directly related questions

22N.1A.SL.TZ0.12: Alloying a metal with a metal of smaller atomic radius can disrupt the lattice and make it more...
22N.1A.SL.TZ0.12: Alloying a metal with a metal of smaller atomic radius can disrupt the lattice and make it more...
22N.2.SL.TZ0.4a.i: Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B.
22N.2.SL.TZ0.4a.i: Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B.
22N.2.SL.TZ0.a.i: Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B.

Sub sections and their related questions

Structure 2.4.1—Bonding is best described as a continuum between the ionic, covalent and metallic models, and can be represented by a bonding triangle. Use bonding models to explain the properties of a material.

22M.1A.SL.TZ2.9: In which of the following compounds does ionic bonding predominate? A. HCl B. NaF C. ...
22M.1A.SL.TZ2.9: In which of the following compounds does ionic bonding predominate? A. HCl B. NaF C. ...

Structure 2.4.2—The position of a compound in the bonding triangle is determined by the relative contributions of the three bonding types to the overall bond. Determine the position of a compound in the bonding triangle from electronegativity data. Predict the properties of a compound based on its position in the bonding triangle.

None

Structure 2.4.3—Alloys are mixtures of a metal and other metals or non-metals. They have enhanced properties. Explain the properties of alloys in terms of non-directional bonding.

19M.2.SL.TZ2.4d:
Outline how alloys conduct electricity and why they are often harder than pure metals.

Conduct electricity:

Harder than pure metals:
19M.2.SL.TZ2.4d:
Outline how alloys conduct electricity and why they are often harder than pure metals.

Conduct electricity:

Harder than pure metals:
21M.2.SL.TZ1.1f: Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.
21M.2.SL.TZ1.1e: Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.
22N.1A.SL.TZ0.12: Alloying a metal with a metal of smaller atomic radius can disrupt the lattice and make it more...
19M.2.SL.TZ2.d:
Outline how alloys conduct electricity and why they are often harder than pure metals.

Conduct electricity:

Harder than pure metals:
19M.2.SL.TZ2.d:
Outline how alloys conduct electricity and why they are often harder than pure metals.

Conduct electricity:

Harder than pure metals:
21M.2.SL.TZ1.1f: Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.
21M.2.SL.TZ1.f: Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.
21M.2.SL.TZ1.1e: Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.
21M.2.SL.TZ1.e: Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.
22N.1A.SL.TZ0.12: Alloying a metal with a metal of smaller atomic radius can disrupt the lattice and make it more...

Structure 2.4.4—Polymers are large molecules, or macromolecules, made from repeating subunits called monomers. Describe the common properties of plastics in terms of their structure.

19M.2.SL.TZ1.4e:
State one factor considered when making green chemistry polymers.
19M.2.SL.TZ1.e:
State one factor considered when making green chemistry polymers.

Structure 2.4.5—Addition polymers form by the breaking of a double bond in each monomer. Represent the repeating unit of an addition polymer from given monomer structures.

22M.2.SL.TZ1.5b(iii): Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.
22M.2.SL.TZ1.3d(ii): Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.
19M.2.SL.TZ2.6a:
Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.4d:
Classify polybutadiene as either an addition or condensation polymer, giving a reason.
22M.1A.SL.TZ2.25:
Which structure represents a repeating unit of a polymer formed from propene?

A. –CH₂–CH(CH₃)–

B. –CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–

C. –CH(CH₃)–CH(CH₃)–

D. –CH₂–CH₂–
19N.1A.SL.TZ0.28: Which compound cannot undergo addition polymerization?
21M.1A.SL.TZ1.27:
Which monomer would produce the polymer shown?

A. ${CF}_{3} {CCl}_{2} F$

B. ${CF}_{3} CClHF$

C. ${CF}_{2} CClF$

D. ${CF}_{2} {CF}_{2}$
21M.1A.SL.TZ2.26:
Which monomer forms the polymer shown?

A. ${CH(Cl)=CH(CH}_{3})$

B. ${CH}_{2} {=C(Cl)CH}_{3}$

C. ${(CH}_{3})_{2} CHCl$

D. ${CH}_{2} =CHCl$
21M.2.SL.TZ1.5d: A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure. Deduce the type of reaction...
20N.2.HL.TZ0.3c: Classify PVC and polyethene terephthalate, PET, as addition or condensation polymers and deduce...
22M.2.SL.TZ1.5b(iii): Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.
22M.2.SL.TZ1.b(iii): Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.
22M.2.SL.TZ1.3d(ii): Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.
22M.2.SL.TZ1.d(ii): Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this alkene.
19M.2.SL.TZ2.6a:
Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene.
19M.2.SL.TZ2.a:
Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.d:
Classify polybutadiene as either an addition or condensation polymer, giving a reason.
22M.1A.SL.TZ2.25:
Which structure represents a repeating unit of a polymer formed from propene?

A. –CH₂–CH(CH₃)–

B. –CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–

C. –CH(CH₃)–CH(CH₃)–

D. –CH₂–CH₂–
19N.1A.SL.TZ0.28: Which compound cannot undergo addition polymerization?
21M.1A.SL.TZ1.27:
Which monomer would produce the polymer shown?

A. ${CF}_{3} {CCl}_{2} F$

B. ${CF}_{3} CClHF$

C. ${CF}_{2} CClF$

D. ${CF}_{2} {CF}_{2}$
21M.1A.SL.TZ2.26:
Which monomer forms the polymer shown?

A. ${CH(Cl)=CH(CH}_{3})$

B. ${CH}_{2} {=C(Cl)CH}_{3}$

C. ${(CH}_{3})_{2} CHCl$

D. ${CH}_{2} =CHCl$
21M.2.SL.TZ1.5d: A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure. Deduce the type of reaction...
21M.2.SL.TZ1.d: A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure. Deduce the type of reaction...
20N.2.HL.TZ0.c: Classify PVC and polyethene terephthalate, PET, as addition or condensation polymers and deduce...

Structure 2.4.6—Condensation polymers form by the reaction between functional groups in each monomer with the release of a small molecule. Represent the repeating unit of polyamides and polyesters from given monomer structures.

20N.2.HL.TZ0.6a:
Deduce the products of the hydrolysis of a non-substituted phospholipid, where $R^{1}$ and $R^{2}$ represent long alkyl chains.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.8a:
Draw the structure of the repeating unit of starch and state the type of linkage formed between these units.

Type of linkage:
19M.2.HL.TZ1.8b:
Formulate the equation for the complete hydrolysis of a starch molecule, (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.7a:
Draw the structure of the repeating unit of starch and state the type of linkage formed between these units.

Type of linkage:
19M.2.HL.TZ1.7b:
Formulate the equation for the complete hydrolysis of a starch molecule, (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.4d:
Classify polybutadiene as either an addition or condensation polymer, giving a reason.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.5a:
Draw the structure of the monomers of Kevlar^® if the by-product of the condensation polymerization is hydrogen chloride.
21M.1A.SL.TZ1.27:
Which monomer would produce the polymer shown?

A. ${CF}_{3} {CCl}_{2} F$

B. ${CF}_{3} CClHF$

C. ${CF}_{2} CClF$

D. ${CF}_{2} {CF}_{2}$
21M.2.SL.TZ1.5d: A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure. Deduce the type of reaction...
20N.2.HL.TZ0.3c: Classify PVC and polyethene terephthalate, PET, as addition or condensation polymers and deduce...
22N.2.SL.TZ0.4a.i: Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B.
20N.2.HL.TZ0.a:
Deduce the products of the hydrolysis of a non-substituted phospholipid, where $R^{1}$ and $R^{2}$ represent long alkyl chains.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.a:
Draw the structure of the repeating unit of starch and state the type of linkage formed between these units.

Type of linkage:
19M.2.HL.TZ1.b:
Formulate the equation for the complete hydrolysis of a starch molecule, (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.a:
Draw the structure of the repeating unit of starch and state the type of linkage formed between these units.

Type of linkage:
19M.2.HL.TZ1.b:
Formulate the equation for the complete hydrolysis of a starch molecule, (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n.
19M.2.HL.TZ1.d:
Classify polybutadiene as either an addition or condensation polymer, giving a reason.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.a:
Draw the structure of the monomers of Kevlar^® if the by-product of the condensation polymerization is hydrogen chloride.
21M.1A.SL.TZ1.27:
Which monomer would produce the polymer shown?

A. ${CF}_{3} {CCl}_{2} F$

B. ${CF}_{3} CClHF$

C. ${CF}_{2} CClF$

D. ${CF}_{2} {CF}_{2}$
21M.2.SL.TZ1.5d: A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure. Deduce the type of reaction...
21M.2.SL.TZ1.d: A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure. Deduce the type of reaction...
20N.2.HL.TZ0.c: Classify PVC and polyethene terephthalate, PET, as addition or condensation polymers and deduce...
22N.2.SL.TZ0.4a.i: Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B.
22N.2.SL.TZ0.a.i: Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B.