B.3 – Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL only)

The room temperature slightly increases from 25 °C, causing the buoyancy force to decrease. For this change in temperature, the ethanol density decreases from 785.20 kg m^–3 to 785.16 kg m^–3. The average viscosity of ethanol over the temperature range covered by the thermometer is 0.0011 Pa s. Estimate the steady velocity at which the 25 °C sphere falls.

The room temperature slightly increases from 25 °C, causing the buoyancy force to decrease. For this change in temperature, the ethanol density decreases from 785.20 kg m^–3 to 785.16 kg m^–3. The average viscosity of ethanol over the temperature range covered by the thermometer is 0.0011 Pa s. Estimate the steady velocity at which the 25 °C sphere falls.

The room temperature slightly increases from 25 °C, causing the buoyancy force to decrease. For this change in temperature, the ethanol density decreases from 785.20 kg m^–3 to 785.16 kg m^–3. The average viscosity of ethanol over the temperature range covered by the thermometer is 0.0011 Pa s. Estimate the steady velocity at which the 25 °C sphere falls.

Outline why the light detected from Jupiter and Vega have a similar brightness, according to an observer on Earth.

Outline why the light detected from Jupiter and Vega have a similar brightness, according to an observer on Earth.

Outline why the light detected from Jupiter and Vega have a similar brightness, according to an observer on Earth.

Show that the distance to Vega from Earth is about 25 ly.

Show that the distance to Vega from Earth is about 25 ly.

Show that the distance to Vega from Earth is about 25 ly.

State the difference in terms of the velocity of the water between laminar and turbulent flow.

State the difference in terms of the velocity of the water between laminar and turbulent flow.

State the difference in terms of the velocity of the water between laminar and turbulent flow.

Calculate the Reynolds number for the water flow.

Calculate the Reynolds number for the water flow.

Calculate the Reynolds number for the water flow.

The density of water is 1000 kg m^–3. Calculate u.

The density of water is 1000 kg m^–3. Calculate u.

The density of water is 1000 kg m^–3. Calculate u.

State one condition that must be satisfied for the Bernoulli equation

$\frac{1}{2}$ ρv² + ρgz + ρ = constant

to apply

State one condition that must be satisfied for the Bernoulli equation

$\frac{1}{2}$ ρv² + ρgz + ρ = constant

to apply

State one condition that must be satisfied for the Bernoulli equation

$\frac{1}{2}$ ρv² + ρgz + ρ = constant

to apply

Calculate the difference in pressure between X and Y.

Calculate the difference in pressure between X and Y.

Calculate the difference in pressure between X and Y.

The density of the liquid in the tube is 8.7 × 10²kg m^–3 and the density of air is 1.2 kg m^–3. The difference in the level of the liquid is 6.0 cm. Determine the speed of air at A.

The density of the liquid in the tube is 8.7 × 10²kg m^–3 and the density of air is 1.2 kg m^–3. The difference in the level of the liquid is 6.0 cm. Determine the speed of air at A.

The density of the liquid in the tube is 8.7 × 10²kg m^–3 and the density of air is 1.2 kg m^–3. The difference in the level of the liquid is 6.0 cm. Determine the speed of air at A.

Using the graph, determine the buoyancy force acting on a sphere when the ethanol is at a temperature of 25 °C.

Using the graph, determine the buoyancy force acting on a sphere when the ethanol is at a temperature of 25 °C.

Using the graph, determine the buoyancy force acting on a sphere when the ethanol is at a temperature of 25 °C.

When the ethanol is at a temperature of 25 °C, the 25 °C sphere is just at equilibrium. This sphere contains water of density 1080 kg m^–3. Calculate the percentage of the sphere volume filled by water.

When the ethanol is at a temperature of 25 °C, the 25 °C sphere is just at equilibrium. This sphere contains water of density 1080 kg m^–3. Calculate the percentage of the sphere volume filled by water.

When the ethanol is at a temperature of 25 °C, the 25 °C sphere is just at equilibrium. This sphere contains water of density 1080 kg m^–3. Calculate the percentage of the sphere volume filled by water.

The water level is a height H above the turbine. Assume that the flow is laminar in the outlet pipe.

Show, using the Bernouilli equation, that the speed of the water as it enters the turbine is given by v = $\sqrt{2gH}$.

The water level is a height H above the turbine. Assume that the flow is laminar in the outlet pipe.

Show, using the Bernouilli equation, that the speed of the water as it enters the turbine is given by v = $\sqrt{2gH}$.

The water level is a height H above the turbine. Assume that the flow is laminar in the outlet pipe.

Show, using the Bernouilli equation, that the speed of the water as it enters the turbine is given by v = $\sqrt{2gH}$.

Outline whether it is reasonable to assume that flow is laminar in this situation.

Outline whether it is reasonable to assume that flow is laminar in this situation.

Outline whether it is reasonable to assume that flow is laminar in this situation.

Show that the velocity of the fluid at X is about 2 ms^–1, assuming that the flow is laminar.

Show that the velocity of the fluid at X is about 2 ms^–1, assuming that the flow is laminar.

Show that the velocity of the fluid at X is about 2 ms^–1, assuming that the flow is laminar.

Estimate the Reynolds number for the fluid in your answer to (a).

Estimate the Reynolds number for the fluid in your answer to (a).

Estimate the Reynolds number for the fluid in your answer to (a).

Draw and label the forces acting on the sphere at the instant when it is released.

Draw and label the forces acting on the sphere at the instant when it is released.

Draw and label the forces acting on the sphere at the instant when it is released.

The weight of the sphere is 6.16 mN and the radius is 5.00 × 10^-3 m. For a fluid of density 8.50 × 10² kg m^-3, the terminal speed is found to be 0.280 m s^-1. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid.

The weight of the sphere is 6.16 mN and the radius is 5.00 × 10^-3 m. For a fluid of density 8.50 × 10² kg m^-3, the terminal speed is found to be 0.280 m s^-1. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid.

The weight of the sphere is 6.16 mN and the radius is 5.00 × 10^-3 m. For a fluid of density 8.50 × 10² kg m^-3, the terminal speed is found to be 0.280 m s^-1. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid.

Explain why the levels of the liquid are at different heights.

Explain why the levels of the liquid are at different heights.

Explain why the levels of the liquid are at different heights.

Determine the terminal velocity of the sphere.

Determine the terminal velocity of the sphere.

Determine the terminal velocity of the sphere.

Determine the force exerted by the spring on the sphere when the sphere is at rest.

Determine the force exerted by the spring on the sphere when the sphere is at rest.

Determine the force exerted by the spring on the sphere when the sphere is at rest.

Outline the effect on $\mathrm{Q}$ of changing the oil to one with greater viscosity.

Outline the effect on $\mathrm{Q}$ of changing the oil to one with greater viscosity.

Outline the effect on $\mathrm{Q}$ of changing the oil to one with greater viscosity.