D.4 The heart

Description

Nature of science:
Developments in scientific research followed improvements in apparatus or instrumentation—the invention of the stethoscope led to improved knowledge of the workings of the heart. (1.8)

Understandings:

Structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart wall.
Signals from the sinoatrial node that cause contraction cannot pass directly from atria to ventricles.
There is a delay between the arrival and passing on of a stimulus at the atrioventricular node.
This delay allows time for atrial systole before the atrioventricular valves close.
Conducting fibres ensure coordinated contraction of the entire ventricle wall.
Normal heart sounds are caused by the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves closing causing changes in blood flow.

Applications and skills:

Application: Use of artificial pacemakers to regulate the heart rate.
Application: Use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
Application: Causes and consequences of hypertension and thrombosis.
Skill: Measurement and interpretation of the heart rate under different conditions.
Skill: Interpretation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements.
Skill: Mapping of the cardiac cycle to a normal ECG trace.
Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data relating to the incidence of coronary heart disease.

Guidance:

Include branching and intercalated discs in structure of cardiac muscle.

Theory of knowledge:

Symbols are used as a form of non-verbal communication. Why is the heart used as a symbol for love? What is the importance of symbols in different areas of knowledge?

Directly related questions

20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the heart sounds.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...

Sub sections and their related questions

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D.4 The heart

Description

Directly related questions

Sub sections and their related questions

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