DP Biology (last assessment 2024)

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Option D: Human physiology

Option D: Human physiology

Description

Overview of the essential ideas for this option.

D.1: A balanced diet is essential to human health.

D.2: Digestion is controlled by nervous and hormonal mechanisms.

D.3: The chemical composition of the blood is regulated by the

D.4: Internal and external factors influence heart function.

D.5: Hormones are not secreted at a uniform rate and exert their effect at low concentrations.

D.6: Red blood cells are vital in the transport of respiratory gases.

Directly related questions

20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.24:
Explain how steroid and peptide hormones exert their effect.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.24:
Explain how steroid and peptide hormones exert their effect.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23a:
Using the graph, explain the Bohr shift.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23a:
Using the graph, explain the Bohr shift.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Using the graph, explain the Bohr shift.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii:
The action of thyroxin is similar to steroid hormones. Describe the action of steroid hormones.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii:
The action of thyroxin is similar to steroid hormones. Describe the action of steroid hormones.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
The action of thyroxin is similar to steroid hormones. Describe the action of steroid hormones.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20b:
The World Health Organization recommends that the iodine intake should be supplemented in pregnant women due to their increased requirements. Outline the need for iodine supplementation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20b:
The World Health Organization recommends that the iodine intake should be supplemented in pregnant women due to their increased requirements. Outline the need for iodine supplementation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
The World Health Organization recommends that the iodine intake should be supplemented in pregnant women due to their increased requirements. Outline the need for iodine supplementation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.23:
Discuss high altitude training for athletes.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.23:
Discuss high altitude training for athletes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.21: Explain how the pH of blood is kept constant during exercise.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.21: Explain how the pH of blood is kept constant during exercise.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i: Using the diagram, identify an organ containing an exocrine gland.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i: Using the diagram, identify an organ containing an exocrine gland.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: Using the diagram, identify an organ containing an exocrine gland.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: State two effects of prolactin.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: State two effects of prolactin.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State two effects of prolactin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii: Using the diagram, identify a hormone involved in the development of a follicle.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii: Using the diagram, identify a hormone involved in the development of a follicle.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii: Using the diagram, identify a hormone involved in the development of a follicle.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.iii: Using the diagram, identify a steroid hormone.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.iii: Using the diagram, identify a steroid hormone.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a.iii: Using the diagram, identify a steroid hormone.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: List two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: List two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: List two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21a: From the diagram, deduce the effect of the disease polycythemia on the proportion of erythrocytes...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21a: From the diagram, deduce the effect of the disease polycythemia on the proportion of erythrocytes...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: From the diagram, deduce the effect of the disease polycythemia on the proportion of erythrocytes...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Suggest how changes in hemoglobin could help humans become better adapted to living at high...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Suggest how changes in hemoglobin could help humans become better adapted to living at high...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Suggest how changes in hemoglobin could help humans become better adapted to living at high...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19c:
Describe the mode of action of steroid hormones.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19c:
Describe the mode of action of steroid hormones.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c:
Describe the mode of action of steroid hormones.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.22:
Explain how an increase in cell respiration in a tissue causes increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in the tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.22:
Explain how an increase in cell respiration in a tissue causes increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in the tissue.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Suggest how high altitude could lead to polycythemia.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Suggest how high altitude could lead to polycythemia.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Suggest how high altitude could lead to polycythemia.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Compare and contrast steroid and peptide hormone action.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Compare and contrast steroid and peptide hormone action.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: HGH is a peptide hormone. Describe the mode of action of peptide hormones on target cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: HGH is a peptide hormone. Describe the mode of action of peptide hormones on target cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c: HGH is a peptide hormone. Describe the mode of action of peptide hormones on target cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Suggest one reason that it is difficult to detect illegal use of HGH to enhance athletic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Suggest one reason that it is difficult to detect illegal use of HGH to enhance athletic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Suggest one reason that it is difficult to detect illegal use of HGH to enhance athletic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24a:
The electron micrograph shows a section through an alveolus showing blood in a capillary.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Identify the cells found at X and Y.

X:

Y:
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24a:
The electron micrograph shows a section through an alveolus showing blood in a capillary.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Identify the cells found at X and Y.

X:

Y:
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
The electron micrograph shows a section through an alveolus showing blood in a capillary.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Identify the cells found at X and Y.

X:

Y:
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20a: Deduce from the results of the study whether HGH improves strength.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20a: Deduce from the results of the study whether HGH improves strength.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Deduce from the results of the study whether HGH improves strength.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Discuss the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves for adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Discuss the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves for adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain how ventilation rate is changed during vigorous physical exercise.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain how ventilation rate is changed during vigorous physical exercise.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Athletes taking growth hormones show an increase in their sprinting capacity. This is not...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Athletes taking growth hormones show an increase in their sprinting capacity. This is not...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Athletes taking growth hormones show an increase in their sprinting capacity. This is not...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Identify with reasons whether the pituitary gland is an exocrine or endocrine gland.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Identify with reasons whether the pituitary gland is an exocrine or endocrine gland.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Identify with reasons whether the pituitary gland is an exocrine or endocrine gland.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and peptide hormones.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and peptide hormones.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and peptide hormones.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i:
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland. State one function of thyroxin.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i:
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland. State one function of thyroxin.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i:
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland. State one function of thyroxin.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23b:
State two modes of transport of carbon dioxide in blood.

1.

2.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23b:
State two modes of transport of carbon dioxide in blood.

1.

2.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
State two modes of transport of carbon dioxide in blood.

1.

2.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23c: State the effect of carbon dioxide in blood on the rate of ventilation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23c: State the effect of carbon dioxide in blood on the rate of ventilation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State the effect of carbon dioxide in blood on the rate of ventilation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23d:
Describe what happens to the hemoglobin from old or damaged red blood cells that are broken down.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23d:
Describe what happens to the hemoglobin from old or damaged red blood cells that are broken down.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Describe what happens to the hemoglobin from old or damaged red blood cells that are broken down.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
23M.1.HL.TZ1.20: Which characteristic of the subclavian vein distinguishes it from the subclavian artery? A. ...
23M.1.HL.TZ1.20: Which characteristic of the subclavian vein distinguishes it from the subclavian artery? A. ...
23M.1.SL.TZ1.10:
Sorbitol is oxidized to sorbose by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase. The conversion rate was measured by monitoring sorbose concentrations. The graph shows the activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase at different pH values.

_{[Source: Tae-Su Kim, Gao Hui, Jinglin Li, Vipin C. Kalia, Karthikeyan Muthusamy,
Jae Kyung Sohng, In-Won Kim and Jung-Kul}_{Lee, 2019.
Overcoming NADPH product inhibition improves D-sorbitol conversion to L-sorbose.
Scientific Reports, 9,}_{p. 815. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37401-0. Open Access.]}

What can be deduced from these results?

A. There is no conversion of sorbitol to sorbose at a pH of 10.

B. At least 10 % of the product is transformed to substrate at a pH of 9.

C. The pH affects the rate of activity of the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase.

D. The amount of sorbose produced is not affected by the substrate concentration.
23M.1.SL.TZ1.10:
Sorbitol is oxidized to sorbose by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase. The conversion rate was measured by monitoring sorbose concentrations. The graph shows the activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase at different pH values.

_{[Source: Tae-Su Kim, Gao Hui, Jinglin Li, Vipin C. Kalia, Karthikeyan Muthusamy,
Jae Kyung Sohng, In-Won Kim and Jung-Kul}_{Lee, 2019.
Overcoming NADPH product inhibition improves D-sorbitol conversion to L-sorbose.
Scientific Reports, 9,}_{p. 815. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37401-0. Open Access.]}

What can be deduced from these results?

A. There is no conversion of sorbitol to sorbose at a pH of 10.

B. At least 10 % of the product is transformed to substrate at a pH of 9.

C. The pH affects the rate of activity of the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase.

D. The amount of sorbose produced is not affected by the substrate concentration.
23M.1.SL.TZ1.25:
The light micrograph shows the structure of blood vessels in a muscle.

_{[Source: Calvo, J.L., n.d. [image online] Available at: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/muscular-artery-veinnervebundles-}
_{surrounded-785176687 [Accessed 12 January 2022].]}

Which blood vessel is shown by X?

A. A vein

B. An artery

C. An arteriole

D. A capillary
23M.1.SL.TZ1.25:
The light micrograph shows the structure of blood vessels in a muscle.

_{[Source: Calvo, J.L., n.d. [image online] Available at: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/muscular-artery-veinnervebundles-}
_{surrounded-785176687 [Accessed 12 January 2022].]}

Which blood vessel is shown by X?

A. A vein

B. An artery

C. An arteriole

D. A capillary
23M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The diagram shows the pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during part...
23M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The diagram shows the pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during part...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24b:
Explain how physical exercise affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. You could supplement your explanation with a labeled diagram.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24b:
Explain how physical exercise affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. You could supplement your explanation with a labeled diagram.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain how physical exercise affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. You could supplement your explanation with a labeled diagram.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: State where in the body the blood would be flowing at point X on the graph.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: State where in the body the blood would be flowing at point X on the graph.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.a: State where in the body the blood would be flowing at point X on the graph.
23M.2.SL.TZ1.3a:
Annotate the diagram by adding arrows to show how deoxygenated blood enters the heart.
23M.2.SL.TZ1.3a:
Annotate the diagram by adding arrows to show how deoxygenated blood enters the heart.
23M.2.SL.TZ1.a:
Annotate the diagram by adding arrows to show how deoxygenated blood enters the heart.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.20a:
Compare and contrast the effect on men and women of an increase in serum cholesterol.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.20a:
Compare and contrast the effect on men and women of an increase in serum cholesterol.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the effect on men and women of an increase in serum cholesterol.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Calculate how long all the heart chambers are in diastole at the same time.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Calculate how long all the heart chambers are in diastole at the same time.
23M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Calculate how long all the heart chambers are in diastole at the same time.
23M.2.HL.TZ2.6a:
Explain how changes to the cell cycle can result in tumour formation.
23M.2.HL.TZ2.6a:
Explain how changes to the cell cycle can result in tumour formation.
23M.2.HL.TZ2.a:
Explain how changes to the cell cycle can result in tumour formation.
23M.3.HL.TZ2.24:
Scientific evidence demonstrates that reducing total cardiovascular risk results in the prevention of coronary heart disease. The chart shows attributable deaths in global population (in thousands) due to six leading cardiovascular risk factors.

_{[Source: Mendis, Shanthi, Puska, Pekka, Norrving, B, World Health Organization, World Heart Federation et al. (2011). Global}
_{atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control / edited by: Shanthi Mendis ... [et al.]. World Health Organization.}
_{Graph of attributable deaths due to selected risk factors.]}

Describe how two named risk factors shown in the graph can lead to coronary heart disease.

1.

2.
23M.3.HL.TZ2.24:
Scientific evidence demonstrates that reducing total cardiovascular risk results in the prevention of coronary heart disease. The chart shows attributable deaths in global population (in thousands) due to six leading cardiovascular risk factors.

_{[Source: Mendis, Shanthi, Puska, Pekka, Norrving, B, World Health Organization, World Heart Federation et al. (2011). Global}
_{atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control / edited by: Shanthi Mendis ... [et al.]. World Health Organization.}
_{Graph of attributable deaths due to selected risk factors.]}

Describe how two named risk factors shown in the graph can lead to coronary heart disease.

1.

2.

Sub sections and their related questions

Option D: Human physiology (Core topics)

17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.

Option D: Human physiology (Additional higher level topics)