DP Biology (last assessment 2024)

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Option D: Human physiology » Option D: Human physiology (Core topics)

Option D: Human physiology (Core topics)

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Directly related questions

20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...

Sub sections and their related questions

D.1 Human nutrition

17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...

D.2 Digestion

17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...

D.3 Functions of the liver

17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.

D.4 The heart

17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
19N.2.HL.TZ0.h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.