A. Unity and diversity

What are linked by hydrogen bonds?

A. Hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule

B. Phosphate and sugar within a DNA molecule

C. Base and sugar between DNA nucleotides

D. Hydrogen and oxygen in different water molecules

Outline how hydrogen bonds form in water.

Outline how the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium in plants.

Distinguish between the thermal properties of air and water as they relate to the habitat of animals.

Distinguish between the thermal properties of air and water as they relate to the habitat of animals.

What are linked by hydrogen bonds?

A. Hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule

B. Phosphate and sugar within a DNA molecule

C. Base and sugar between DNA nucleotides

D. Hydrogen and oxygen in different water molecules

Outline how hydrogen bonds form in water.

Outline how hydrogen bonds form in water.

Outline how the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium in plants.

Outline how the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium in plants.

Distinguish between the thermal properties of air and water as they relate to the habitat of animals.

Distinguish between the thermal properties of air and water as they relate to the habitat of animals.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Describe the structure of the DNA molecule.

Sketch the complementary strand to complete the section of a DNA diagram.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a single nucleotide of RNA.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a single nucleotide of RNA.

Hershey and Chase used a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) to investigate the chemical nature of genes. The diagram shows a bacteriophage.

What are linked by hydrogen bonds?

A. Hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule

B. Phosphate and sugar within a DNA molecule

C. Base and sugar between DNA nucleotides

D. Hydrogen and oxygen in different water molecules

The diagram shows the structure of a nucleosome.

Draw labelled diagrams to show the structure of RNA nucleotides and how they are linked together to form a molecule of RNA.

The graph shows results of an experiment by Hershey and Chase in 1952 in which bacteria were infected with a mixture of virus particles labelled with either ³²P or ³⁵S. A suspension of the infected bacteria was agitated with a blender, and samples collected from the suspension were centrifuged to record the percentage of isotope remaining on the outside of the cells.

[Source: Republished with permission of ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY PRESS, from Independent functions of protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. Hershey, A.D. and Chase, M., 1952. (Journal of General Physiology, 36(1), p.47). Society of General Physiologists, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Rockefeller Institute; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

What do curves X and Y represent?

The image of the X-ray diffraction of calf thymus DNA was obtained by R. Franklin and R. Gosling in 1953.

^{[Source: Franklin, R.E. and Gosling, R.G., 1953. [image online]
Available at: https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?a00979.
[Accessed 8 March 2022].]}

What does this image show about the structure of DNA?

A.  It is associated with histones.

B.  It has a helical shape.

C.  It contains deoxyribose.

D.  It contains four nitrogenous bases.

How do DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules differ in eukaryotes?

A.  mRNA is twice the size of DNA and is formed from four different bases.

B.  DNA contains ribose while mRNA contains deoxyribose.

C.  mRNA has the same bases as DNA but contains ribose.

D.  DNA has two strands while mRNA has only one.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Explain how the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together.

Describe the structure of the DNA molecule.

Describe the structure of the DNA molecule.

Sketch the complementary strand to complete the section of a DNA diagram.

Sketch the complementary strand to complete the section of a DNA diagram.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a single nucleotide of RNA.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a single nucleotide of RNA.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a single nucleotide of RNA.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a single nucleotide of RNA.

Hershey and Chase used a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) to investigate the chemical nature of genes. The diagram shows a bacteriophage.

What are linked by hydrogen bonds?

A. Hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule

B. Phosphate and sugar within a DNA molecule

C. Base and sugar between DNA nucleotides

D. Hydrogen and oxygen in different water molecules

The diagram shows the structure of a nucleosome.

Draw labelled diagrams to show the structure of RNA nucleotides and how they are linked together to form a molecule of RNA.

Draw labelled diagrams to show the structure of RNA nucleotides and how they are linked together to form a molecule of RNA.

The graph shows results of an experiment by Hershey and Chase in 1952 in which bacteria were infected with a mixture of virus particles labelled with either ³²P or ³⁵S. A suspension of the infected bacteria was agitated with a blender, and samples collected from the suspension were centrifuged to record the percentage of isotope remaining on the outside of the cells.

[Source: Republished with permission of ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY PRESS, from Independent functions of protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. Hershey, A.D. and Chase, M., 1952. (Journal of General Physiology, 36(1), p.47). Society of General Physiologists, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Rockefeller Institute; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]

What do curves X and Y represent?

The image of the X-ray diffraction of calf thymus DNA was obtained by R. Franklin and R. Gosling in 1953.

^{[Source: Franklin, R.E. and Gosling, R.G., 1953. [image online]
Available at: https://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?a00979.
[Accessed 8 March 2022].]}

What does this image show about the structure of DNA?

A.  It is associated with histones.

B.  It has a helical shape.

C.  It contains deoxyribose.

D.  It contains four nitrogenous bases.

How do DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules differ in eukaryotes?

A.  mRNA is twice the size of DNA and is formed from four different bases.

B.  DNA contains ribose while mRNA contains deoxyribose.

C.  mRNA has the same bases as DNA but contains ribose.

D.  DNA has two strands while mRNA has only one.

How does the Miller-Urey experiment contribute to an explanation of the origin of life?

A.  It shows how phospholipids form protocells in specific laboratory conditions.

B.  It explains how organic molecules arise from inorganic ones under certain environmental conditions.

C.  It explains the synthesis of RNA, recreating deep sea vent conditions in the laboratory.

D.  It shows how the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) evolved from vesicles.

How does the Miller-Urey experiment contribute to an explanation of the origin of life?

A.  It shows how phospholipids form protocells in specific laboratory conditions.

B.  It explains how organic molecules arise from inorganic ones under certain environmental conditions.

C.  It explains the synthesis of RNA, recreating deep sea vent conditions in the laboratory.

D.  It shows how the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) evolved from vesicles.

How does the Miller-Urey experiment contribute to an explanation of the origin of life?

A.  It shows how phospholipids form protocells in specific laboratory conditions.

B.  It explains how organic molecules arise from inorganic ones under certain environmental conditions.

C.  It explains the synthesis of RNA, recreating deep sea vent conditions in the laboratory.

D.  It shows how the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) evolved from vesicles.

How does the Miller-Urey experiment contribute to an explanation of the origin of life?

A.  It shows how phospholipids form protocells in specific laboratory conditions.

B.  It explains how organic molecules arise from inorganic ones under certain environmental conditions.

C.  It explains the synthesis of RNA, recreating deep sea vent conditions in the laboratory.

D.  It shows how the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) evolved from vesicles.

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

What function is performed by the part of the cell shown in the electron micrograph?

[Source: George E. Palade Electron Microscopy Slide Collection Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library Yale University Library.]

A. Locomotion

B. Synthesis of proteins

C. Movement of chromosomes

D. Breakdown of cellular organelles

John Cairns used the technique of autoradiography to produce photographs of DNA from the bacterium E. coli.

[Source: © Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Autoradiography of bacterium E. coli DNA - micrograph, The Chromosome of
Escherichia coli Cairns, J.P., 1963. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia, Quantitative Biology, 28(44).]

Which conclusion was drawn from his experiments?

A. The DNA in all organisms is circular.

B. DNA in E. coli naturally contains thymidine.

C. DNA replication is conservative.

D. The DNA in E. coli is 900 μm in length.

The magnification of the micrograph is 2000×.

[Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg
by TenOfAllTrades.]

What is the maximum diameter of the nucleus in the cell labelled X?

A. 10 μm

B. 10 nm

C. 20 μm

D. 20 nm

State two structural similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts.

1.

2.

The images of the radiolarian, a single-celled marine organism, were produced using a light microscope (left) and a scanning electron microscope (right).

The electron micrograph shows a thin section through a plant mesophyll cell.

Insulin is produced in β cells of the pancreas and not in other cells of the human body. Explain how differentiation of cells and regulation of gene expression allow proteins such as insulin to be produced in only certain types of body cell.

Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Calculate the magnification of the image, showing your working.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion.

X:

Y:

The electron micrograph shows a section through a plant cell.

[Source: Photo © E. Newcomb.]

In which structure(s) is the genome of the cell contained?

A. Z only

B. X, Y and Z only

C. W and X only

D. X and Y only

The image shows a phagocytic white blood cell as seen with a transmission electron microscope.

[Source: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Monocyte_TEM_0002.jpg, by Cafer Zorkun is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License]

Which features can be found both within this cell and in a photosynthetic bacterium?

A. Chloroplasts

B. Multiple nuclei

C. 70S ribosomes

D. Lysosomes

Draw the ultrastructure of a prokaryotic cell based on electron micrographs.

Using the scale bar, calculate the magnification of the image.

Outline the structures in M. tuberculosis that are not present in a human cell.

The image shows an electron micrograph of part of a cell.

[Source: Dr. Eldon Newcomb – Emeritis Professor at The University of Wisconsin – Madison.]

Which features do the two structures labelled X and Y have in common?

A. They are surrounded by a double membrane.

B. They contain 70S ribosomes.

C. They contain naked DNA.

D. They are only found in leaf cells.

Describe two pieces of evidence that show that eukaryotic cells originated by endosymbiosis.

The diagram shows a prokaryotic cell.

[Source: © Rice University. 1999–2023 Figure 4.5 Prokaryotic cell. [image online] Available at: https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20220815.182343/resources/50163f8ff80f335574f41bfc10cc49a1e87cf9df [Accessed 13 January 2023].]

What are the structures labelled Y and Z?

Calculate the actual thickness of the leaf, from upper to lower surface along the line a–b, showing your working.

Using the data in the stacked column graph, describe the features that characterize the B2 enterotype.

Describe the organelles and other structures in animal cells that are visible in electron micrographs.

From the electron micrograph, suggest which viral particle P or Q is likely to have already infected a host cell.

Calculate the actual thickness of the leaf, from upper to lower surface along the line a–b, showing your working.

Calculate the actual thickness of the leaf, from upper to lower surface along the line a–b, showing your working.

Calculate the actual thickness of the leaf, from upper to lower surface along the line a–b, showing your working.

From the electron micrograph, suggest which viral particle P or Q is likely to have already infected a host cell.

From the electron micrograph, suggest which viral particle P or Q is likely to have already infected a host cell.

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the length of the entire cell labelled Y, showing your working.

Distinguish between the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

Calculate the maximum diameter of the stem cell cluster on the micrograph, showing your working and giving the units.

..........

What function is performed by the part of the cell shown in the electron micrograph?

[Source: George E. Palade Electron Microscopy Slide Collection Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library Yale University Library.]

A. Locomotion

B. Synthesis of proteins

C. Movement of chromosomes

D. Breakdown of cellular organelles

John Cairns used the technique of autoradiography to produce photographs of DNA from the bacterium E. coli.

[Source: © Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Autoradiography of bacterium E. coli DNA - micrograph, The Chromosome of
Escherichia coli Cairns, J.P., 1963. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia, Quantitative Biology, 28(44).]

Which conclusion was drawn from his experiments?

A. The DNA in all organisms is circular.

B. DNA in E. coli naturally contains thymidine.

C. DNA replication is conservative.

D. The DNA in E. coli is 900 μm in length.

The magnification of the micrograph is 2000×.

[Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg
by TenOfAllTrades.]

What is the maximum diameter of the nucleus in the cell labelled X?

A. 10 μm

B. 10 nm

C. 20 μm

D. 20 nm

State two structural similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts.

1.

2.

State two structural similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts.

1.

2.

The images of the radiolarian, a single-celled marine organism, were produced using a light microscope (left) and a scanning electron microscope (right).

The electron micrograph shows a thin section through a plant mesophyll cell.

Insulin is produced in β cells of the pancreas and not in other cells of the human body. Explain how differentiation of cells and regulation of gene expression allow proteins such as insulin to be produced in only certain types of body cell.

Insulin is produced in β cells of the pancreas and not in other cells of the human body. Explain how differentiation of cells and regulation of gene expression allow proteins such as insulin to be produced in only certain types of body cell.

Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Calculate the magnification of the image, showing your working.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion.

X:

Y:

Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the function of the mitochondrion.

X:

Y:

The electron micrograph shows a section through a plant cell.

[Source: Photo © E. Newcomb.]

In which structure(s) is the genome of the cell contained?

A. Z only

B. X, Y and Z only

C. W and X only

D. X and Y only

The image shows a phagocytic white blood cell as seen with a transmission electron microscope.

[Source: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Monocyte_TEM_0002.jpg, by Cafer Zorkun is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License]

Which features can be found both within this cell and in a photosynthetic bacterium?

A. Chloroplasts

B. Multiple nuclei

C. 70S ribosomes

D. Lysosomes

Draw the ultrastructure of a prokaryotic cell based on electron micrographs.

Draw the ultrastructure of a prokaryotic cell based on electron micrographs.

Using the scale bar, calculate the magnification of the image.

Outline the structures in M. tuberculosis that are not present in a human cell.

Outline the structures in M. tuberculosis that are not present in a human cell.

The image shows an electron micrograph of part of a cell.

[Source: Dr. Eldon Newcomb – Emeritis Professor at The University of Wisconsin – Madison.]

Which features do the two structures labelled X and Y have in common?

A. They are surrounded by a double membrane.

B. They contain 70S ribosomes.

C. They contain naked DNA.

D. They are only found in leaf cells.

Describe two pieces of evidence that show that eukaryotic cells originated by endosymbiosis.

Describe two pieces of evidence that show that eukaryotic cells originated by endosymbiosis.

The diagram shows a prokaryotic cell.

[Source: © Rice University. 1999–2023 Figure 4.5 Prokaryotic cell. [image online] Available at: https://openstax.org/apps/archive/20220815.182343/resources/50163f8ff80f335574f41bfc10cc49a1e87cf9df [Accessed 13 January 2023].]

What are the structures labelled Y and Z?

Calculate the actual thickness of the leaf, from upper to lower surface along the line a–b, showing your working.

Calculate the actual thickness of the leaf, from upper to lower surface along the line a–b, showing your working.

Using the data in the stacked column graph, describe the features that characterize the B2 enterotype.

Using the data in the stacked column graph, describe the features that characterize the B2 enterotype.

Describe the organelles and other structures in animal cells that are visible in electron micrographs.

Describe the organelles and other structures in animal cells that are visible in electron micrographs.

From the electron micrograph, suggest which viral particle P or Q is likely to have already infected a host cell.

From the electron micrograph, suggest which viral particle P or Q is likely to have already infected a host cell.

Deduce the concentration of ZDV that would cause a 50 % reduction in root growth compared to the control.

Identify the root length, as a percentage of the control, resulting from a ZDV concentration of $400 \text{μmol}$.

Compare and contrast the effect of ZDV and NVP on the growth of Allium roots.

Identify the country with the largest number of Ebola cases.

The image shows an electron micrograph of virus particles known to infect the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is associated with gastroenteritis, wound infections and septicemia in humans and animals.

[Source: Lin, Y. and Lin, C., 2012. Transmission electron micrograph of phage ϕpp2 particles with several structural proteins. [micrograph] (BMC Genomics, 13:224).]

What does a virus have in common with a living cell?

A. 70S ribosomes

B. Genetic material

C. Reproduction by binary fission

D. Anaerobic respiration

Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.

The image shows a group of enveloped viral particles.

_{[Source: Murphy, F. and Whitfield, S., n.d. Herpes virus image under the microscope. [image online] Available at: https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/research/virus-inspired-science/ [Accessed 3 July 2020].]}

What is the most likely composition of the structure labelled X?

A.  Membrane derived from the host cell

B.  Viral DNA

C.  Viral cell walls

D.  Viral enzymes

The image shows a group of enveloped viral particles.

_{[Source: Murphy, F. and Whitfield, S., n.d. Herpes virus image under the microscope. [image online] Available at: https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/research/virus-inspired-science/ [Accessed 3 July 2020].]}

What is the most likely composition of the structure labelled X?

A.  Membrane derived from the host cell

B.  Viral DNA

C.  Viral cell walls

D.  Viral enzymes

The image shows a group of enveloped viral particles.

_{[Source: Murphy, F. and Whitfield, S., n.d. Herpes virus image under the microscope. [image online] Available at: https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/research/virus-inspired-science/ [Accessed 3 July 2020].]}

What is the most likely composition of the structure labelled X?

A.  Membrane derived from the host cell

B.  Viral DNA

C.  Viral cell walls

D.  Viral enzymes

Deduce the concentration of ZDV that would cause a 50 % reduction in root growth compared to the control.

Identify the root length, as a percentage of the control, resulting from a ZDV concentration of $400 \text{μmol}$.

Compare and contrast the effect of ZDV and NVP on the growth of Allium roots.

Deduce the concentration of ZDV that would cause a 50 % reduction in root growth compared to the control.

Identify the root length, as a percentage of the control, resulting from a ZDV concentration of $400 \text{μmol}$.

Compare and contrast the effect of ZDV and NVP on the growth of Allium roots.

Identify the country with the largest number of Ebola cases.

Identify the country with the largest number of Ebola cases.

The image shows an electron micrograph of virus particles known to infect the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is associated with gastroenteritis, wound infections and septicemia in humans and animals.

[Source: Lin, Y. and Lin, C., 2012. Transmission electron micrograph of phage ϕpp2 particles with several structural proteins. [micrograph] (BMC Genomics, 13:224).]

What does a virus have in common with a living cell?

A. 70S ribosomes

B. Genetic material

C. Reproduction by binary fission

D. Anaerobic respiration

Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.

Suggest reasons for the high percentage of fatal cases at Ebola treatment centres.

The image shows a group of enveloped viral particles.

_{[Source: Murphy, F. and Whitfield, S., n.d. Herpes virus image under the microscope. [image online] Available at: https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/research/virus-inspired-science/ [Accessed 3 July 2020].]}

What is the most likely composition of the structure labelled X?

A.  Membrane derived from the host cell

B.  Viral DNA

C.  Viral cell walls

D.  Viral enzymes

Outline the binomial system of classification.

Compare and contrast the trends for O. rufipogon and O. sativa indica.

A pregnant woman had fetal cells removed by chorionic villus sampling and tested. The following karyogram was produced.

[Source: Mediscan / Alamy Stock Photo]

What does this show?

A. The child is female with Down syndrome.

B. The child is female without Down syndrome.

C. The child is male with Down syndrome.

D. The child is male without Down syndrome.

Describe the changes that occur in gene pools during speciation.

Outline how sex is determined in humans.

The scattergraph shows the genome sizes of four Enterococcus species.

^{[Source: Lebreton, F., Manson, A.L., Saavedra, J.T., Straub, T.J., Earl, A.M. and Gilmore, M.S., 2017.
Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital (Figure 1A).
Cell, [e-journal] 169(5), pp. 849–861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cell.2017.04.027.]}

What can be concluded about the genomes in Enterococcus?

A.  E. pallens has the greatest number of genes.

B.  E. faecalis and E. faecium have the same mean number of genes.

C.  The total genetic information in Enterococcus is constant within each species.

D.  E. columbae has more DNA than E. faecium.

The image shows a human karyogram.

^{National Cancer Institute, 1997. Karyotype. [diagram online]
Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Karyotype_(normal).jpg [Accessed 14 February 2022]. Public domain.}

From which person was the karyogram obtained?

A.  A female with Down syndrome

B.  A female without Down syndrome

C.  A male with Down syndrome

D.  A male without Down syndrome

Outline how sex is determined in humans.

Outline the binomial system of classification.

Outline the binomial system of classification.

Compare and contrast the trends for O. rufipogon and O. sativa indica.

Compare and contrast the trends for O. rufipogon and O. sativa indica.

A pregnant woman had fetal cells removed by chorionic villus sampling and tested. The following karyogram was produced.

[Source: Mediscan / Alamy Stock Photo]

What does this show?

A. The child is female with Down syndrome.

B. The child is female without Down syndrome.

C. The child is male with Down syndrome.

D. The child is male without Down syndrome.

Describe the changes that occur in gene pools during speciation.

Describe the changes that occur in gene pools during speciation.

Outline how sex is determined in humans.

Outline how sex is determined in humans.

The scattergraph shows the genome sizes of four Enterococcus species.

^{[Source: Lebreton, F., Manson, A.L., Saavedra, J.T., Straub, T.J., Earl, A.M. and Gilmore, M.S., 2017.
Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital (Figure 1A).
Cell, [e-journal] 169(5), pp. 849–861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cell.2017.04.027.]}

What can be concluded about the genomes in Enterococcus?

A.  E. pallens has the greatest number of genes.

B.  E. faecalis and E. faecium have the same mean number of genes.

C.  The total genetic information in Enterococcus is constant within each species.

D.  E. columbae has more DNA than E. faecium.

The image shows a human karyogram.

^{National Cancer Institute, 1997. Karyotype. [diagram online]
Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Karyotype_(normal).jpg [Accessed 14 February 2022]. Public domain.}

From which person was the karyogram obtained?

A.  A female with Down syndrome

B.  A female without Down syndrome

C.  A male with Down syndrome

D.  A male without Down syndrome

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.

Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?

State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.

The image shows an organism belonging to the Kingdom Animalia.

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was once classified in the figwort family. The figwort family has been reclassified and is now much smaller.

[Source: Shiva A., 2008 [image online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Foxglove_(Digitalis_
purpurea)_2008_02.jpg [Accessed 14 January 2023] CC BY SA 4.0.

Funhoff, D., 2017. Figwort (Scrophularia canina) flowers, Theisbergstegen, Pfalz, Germany. [image online]
Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo/figwort-(scrophularia-canina)-flowers-theisbergstegen-pfalzgermany-june/search/detail-0_01550655.html [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

Why were species such as the foxglove moved into other families?

A.  The appearance was too dissimilar.

B.  The plants are found in different locations.

C.  The genera were different.

D.  The DNA sequences indicated different ancestry.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?

A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.

B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.

C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.

D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

The diagram shows a cladogram for part of the animal kingdom.

_{[Source: Semmens, D.C., Mirabeau, O., Moghul, I., Pancholi, M.R., Wurm, Y. and Elphick, M.R., 2016. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biology, [e-journal] 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150224. Source adapted. Public domain.]}

Which group does not represent a clade?

A.  1 to 3

B.  1 to 5

C.  4 to 7

D.  1 to 10

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.

Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?

State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.

State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.

The image shows an organism belonging to the Kingdom Animalia.

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was once classified in the figwort family. The figwort family has been reclassified and is now much smaller.

[Source: Shiva A., 2008 [image online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Foxglove_(Digitalis_
purpurea)_2008_02.jpg [Accessed 14 January 2023] CC BY SA 4.0.

Funhoff, D., 2017. Figwort (Scrophularia canina) flowers, Theisbergstegen, Pfalz, Germany. [image online]
Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo/figwort-(scrophularia-canina)-flowers-theisbergstegen-pfalzgermany-june/search/detail-0_01550655.html [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

Why were species such as the foxglove moved into other families?

A.  The appearance was too dissimilar.

B.  The plants are found in different locations.

C.  The genera were different.

D.  The DNA sequences indicated different ancestry.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?

A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.

B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.

C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.

D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

The diagram shows a cladogram for part of the animal kingdom.

_{[Source: Semmens, D.C., Mirabeau, O., Moghul, I., Pancholi, M.R., Wurm, Y. and Elphick, M.R., 2016. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biology, [e-journal] 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150224. Source adapted. Public domain.]}

Which group does not represent a clade?

A.  1 to 3

B.  1 to 5

C.  4 to 7

D.  1 to 10

Scientists studying ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on the island of Daphne Major in Galapagos found great differences in the shapes of the beaks.

[Source: Public domain.]

What is the explanation for this variation in beak shape between the birds?

A. Ground finches grow larger beaks if there is competition for food.

B. They belong to different species.

C. They are adapted for different diets.

D. The more a beak is used by a ground finch, the larger it becomes.

Humans have been improving crop species for thousands of years by cross-breeding plants with desirable characteristics. The photograph shows the changes in dry cobs of corn (Zea mays) over 10 000 years.

[Source: Evolution of Maize Cobs © Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology,
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved.]

What is the name of the process that was used to produce modern corn?

A. Selective breeding

B. Adaptive radiation

C. Discontinuous variation

D. Natural selection

Explain how speciation occurs, including the different processes of isolation and selection.

The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.

Which pentadactyl limb is adapted for flight?

[Source: adapted from Volkov Vladislav Petrovich, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#/media/File:Homology_
vertebrates-en.svg and Zebra.element, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bat_mouse_forelimbs.png]

Which factor(s) would favour evolution by natural selection?

I. Long lifespans

II. Favourable characteristics acquired by individuals during their lifetime

III. Variation within a species

A. II only

B. III only

C. I and II

D. I and III

Which is an example of speciation?

A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of the wheat Triticum aestivum with higher crop yield

B. Evolution of different courtship behaviours in separate populations of the cricket Gryllus rubens

C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston betularia

D. Selective feeding by koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Eucalyptus species

Outline how adaptive radiation provides evidence for evolution.

Describe polyploidy and how it can lead to speciation.

Describe the barriers that exist to hybridization between species.

Explain how biogeographic factors affect the richness and evenness of biodiversity.

Describe the barriers that exist to hybridization between species.

Scientists studying ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on the island of Daphne Major in Galapagos found great differences in the shapes of the beaks.

[Source: Public domain.]

What is the explanation for this variation in beak shape between the birds?

A. Ground finches grow larger beaks if there is competition for food.

B. They belong to different species.

C. They are adapted for different diets.

D. The more a beak is used by a ground finch, the larger it becomes.

Humans have been improving crop species for thousands of years by cross-breeding plants with desirable characteristics. The photograph shows the changes in dry cobs of corn (Zea mays) over 10 000 years.

[Source: Evolution of Maize Cobs © Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology,
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved.]

What is the name of the process that was used to produce modern corn?

A. Selective breeding

B. Adaptive radiation

C. Discontinuous variation

D. Natural selection

Explain how speciation occurs, including the different processes of isolation and selection.

Explain how speciation occurs, including the different processes of isolation and selection.

The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.

The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.

Which pentadactyl limb is adapted for flight?

[Source: adapted from Volkov Vladislav Petrovich, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#/media/File:Homology_
vertebrates-en.svg and Zebra.element, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bat_mouse_forelimbs.png]

Which factor(s) would favour evolution by natural selection?

I. Long lifespans

II. Favourable characteristics acquired by individuals during their lifetime

III. Variation within a species

A. II only

B. III only

C. I and II

D. I and III

Which is an example of speciation?

A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of the wheat Triticum aestivum with higher crop yield

B. Evolution of different courtship behaviours in separate populations of the cricket Gryllus rubens

C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston betularia

D. Selective feeding by koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Eucalyptus species

Outline how adaptive radiation provides evidence for evolution.

Describe polyploidy and how it can lead to speciation.

Outline how adaptive radiation provides evidence for evolution.

Describe polyploidy and how it can lead to speciation.

Describe the barriers that exist to hybridization between species.

Describe the barriers that exist to hybridization between species.

Explain how biogeographic factors affect the richness and evenness of biodiversity.

The graph shows how the number of ant species found on isolated islands near New Guinea depends on the size of the island.

[Source: University of Windsor, The Theory of Island Biogeography. Available at:
http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/biology/macisaac/55-437/lecture9.htm.]

Explain the relationship between island size and number of ant species.

Sea urchins are destroying the giant kelp alga (Macrocystis pyrifera) marine forests of South East Australia. Suggest a reason that sea urchins might be an invasive species in this environment.

Outline three ways in which a named environmental disturbance can impact an ecosystem.

Explain how biogeographic factors affect the richness and evenness of biodiversity.

The graph shows how the number of ant species found on isolated islands near New Guinea depends on the size of the island.

[Source: University of Windsor, The Theory of Island Biogeography. Available at:
http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/biology/macisaac/55-437/lecture9.htm.]

Explain the relationship between island size and number of ant species.

Sea urchins are destroying the giant kelp alga (Macrocystis pyrifera) marine forests of South East Australia. Suggest a reason that sea urchins might be an invasive species in this environment.

Outline three ways in which a named environmental disturbance can impact an ecosystem.

Explain how biogeographic factors affect the richness and evenness of biodiversity.