A3.2. Classification and cladistics (HL only)

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

The diagram shows a cladogram for part of the animal kingdom.

_{[Source: Semmens, D.C., Mirabeau, O., Moghul, I., Pancholi, M.R., Wurm, Y. and Elphick, M.R., 2016. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biology, [e-journal] 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150224. Source adapted. Public domain.]}

Which group does not represent a clade?

A.  1 to 3

B.  1 to 5

C.  4 to 7

D.  1 to 10

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

Describe how plants are named and classified, including recognition features of plant phyla.

The diagram shows a cladogram for part of the animal kingdom.

_{[Source: Semmens, D.C., Mirabeau, O., Moghul, I., Pancholi, M.R., Wurm, Y. and Elphick, M.R., 2016. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biology, [e-journal] 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.150224. Source adapted. Public domain.]}

Which group does not represent a clade?

A.  1 to 3

B.  1 to 5

C.  4 to 7

D.  1 to 10

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.

Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?

State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?

A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.

B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.

C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.

D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.

Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?

State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.

State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.

[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]

Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.

The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?

A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.

B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.

C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.

D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was once classified in the figwort family. The figwort family has been reclassified and is now much smaller.

[Source: Shiva A., 2008 [image online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Foxglove_(Digitalis_
purpurea)_2008_02.jpg [Accessed 14 January 2023] CC BY SA 4.0.

Funhoff, D., 2017. Figwort (Scrophularia canina) flowers, Theisbergstegen, Pfalz, Germany. [image online]
Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo/figwort-(scrophularia-canina)-flowers-theisbergstegen-pfalzgermany-june/search/detail-0_01550655.html [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

Why were species such as the foxglove moved into other families?

A.  The appearance was too dissimilar.

B.  The plants are found in different locations.

C.  The genera were different.

D.  The DNA sequences indicated different ancestry.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.

The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was once classified in the figwort family. The figwort family has been reclassified and is now much smaller.

[Source: Shiva A., 2008 [image online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_Foxglove_(Digitalis_
purpurea)_2008_02.jpg [Accessed 14 January 2023] CC BY SA 4.0.

Funhoff, D., 2017. Figwort (Scrophularia canina) flowers, Theisbergstegen, Pfalz, Germany. [image online]
Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo/figwort-(scrophularia-canina)-flowers-theisbergstegen-pfalzgermany-june/search/detail-0_01550655.html [Accessed 28 October 2021].]

Why were species such as the foxglove moved into other families?

A.  The appearance was too dissimilar.

B.  The plants are found in different locations.

C.  The genera were different.

D.  The DNA sequences indicated different ancestry.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

Explain how a newly discovered plant species would be classified and named.

The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.

[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]

What domains do X, Y and Z represent?

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.

^{[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]}

What can be concluded from the data?

A.  L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B.  S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C.  M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D.  E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain.