20.1 Types of organic reactions

State the reagents used in the nitration of benzene.

State the reagents used in the nitration of benzene.

State the reagents used in the nitration of benzene.

State an equation for the formation of NO₂⁺.

State an equation for the formation of NO₂⁺.

State an equation for the formation of NO₂⁺.

Outline why the rate of reaction of the similar bromo-compounds is faster.

Outline why the rate of reaction of the similar bromo-compounds is faster.

Outline why the rate of reaction of the similar bromo-compounds is faster.

Draw the structure of the intermediate formed stating its shape.

Draw the structure of the intermediate formed stating its shape.

Draw the structure of the intermediate formed stating its shape.

Suggest how this product could be synthesized in one step from butanoic acid.

Suggest how this product could be synthesized in one step from butanoic acid.

Suggest how this product could be synthesized in one step from butanoic acid.

State the type of bond fission that takes place in a S_N1 reaction.

State the type of bond fission that takes place in a S_N1 reaction.

State the type of bond fission that takes place in a S_N1 reaction.

Which product is formed when CH₃COCH₂CH₃ is reduced with sodium borohydride?

A.  CH₃CH₂CH₂CHO

B.  CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

C.  CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CH₃

D.  CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH

Which product is formed when CH₃COCH₂CH₃ is reduced with sodium borohydride?

A.  CH₃CH₂CH₂CHO

B.  CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

C.  CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CH₃

D.  CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH

Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 1-bromopropane, CH₃CH₂CH₂Br, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 1-bromopropane, CH₃CH₂CH₂Br, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 1-bromopropane, CH₃CH₂CH₂Br, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

State the reagent used to convert benzoic acid to phenylmethanol (benzyl alcohol), C₆H₅CH₂OH.

State the reagent used to convert benzoic acid to phenylmethanol (benzyl alcohol), C₆H₅CH₂OH.

State the reagent used to convert benzoic acid to phenylmethanol (benzyl alcohol), C₆H₅CH₂OH.

Explain the mechanism for the nitration of benzene, using curly arrows to indicate the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism for the nitration of benzene, using curly arrows to indicate the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism for the nitration of benzene, using curly arrows to indicate the movement of electron pairs.

The benzene ring of phenylethene reacts with the nitronium ion, NO₂⁺, and the C=C double bond reacts with hydrogen bromide, HBr.

Compare and contrast these two reactions in terms of their reaction mechanisms.

Similarity: 

Difference:

The benzene ring of phenylethene reacts with the nitronium ion, NO₂⁺, and the C=C double bond reacts with hydrogen bromide, HBr.

Compare and contrast these two reactions in terms of their reaction mechanisms.

Similarity: 

Difference:

The benzene ring of phenylethene reacts with the nitronium ion, NO₂⁺, and the C=C double bond reacts with hydrogen bromide, HBr.

Compare and contrast these two reactions in terms of their reaction mechanisms.

Similarity: 

Difference:

Which class of compound is formed when a ketone is reduced?

A. primary alcohol

B. secondary alcohol

C. ether

D. carboxylic acid

Which class of compound is formed when a ketone is reduced?

A. primary alcohol

B. secondary alcohol

C. ether

D. carboxylic acid

Sketch the mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electrons.

Sketch the mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electrons.

Sketch the mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electrons.

This reaction could proceed through either S_N1 or S_N2 mechanisms depending on the reaction conditions. Sketch a graph of the rate versus nucleophile concentration, [CN⁻], for each of the mechanisms.

This reaction could proceed through either S_N1 or S_N2 mechanisms depending on the reaction conditions. Sketch a graph of the rate versus nucleophile concentration, [CN⁻], for each of the mechanisms.

This reaction could proceed through either S_N1 or S_N2 mechanisms depending on the reaction conditions. Sketch a graph of the rate versus nucleophile concentration, [CN⁻], for each of the mechanisms.

2-Bromobutane reacts with hydroxide via the same mechanism identified in (b). Explain this mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

2-Bromobutane reacts with hydroxide via the same mechanism identified in (b). Explain this mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

2-Bromobutane reacts with hydroxide via the same mechanism identified in (b). Explain this mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

S_N1 and S_N2 reactions are better conducted using different types of solvents. Identify two properties of a solvent most suited for the mechanism proposed in (b).

S_N1 and S_N2 reactions are better conducted using different types of solvents. Identify two properties of a solvent most suited for the mechanism proposed in (b).

S_N1 and S_N2 reactions are better conducted using different types of solvents. Identify two properties of a solvent most suited for the mechanism proposed in (b).

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, (CH₃)₃CBr, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, (CH₃)₃CBr, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, (CH₃)₃CBr, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which 1-chlorobutane, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl, and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, (CH₃)₃CCl, react with aqueous sodium hydroxide, giving two similarities and one difference.

Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which 1-chlorobutane, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl, and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, (CH₃)₃CCl, react with aqueous sodium hydroxide, giving two similarities and one difference.

Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which 1-chlorobutane, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl, and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, (CH₃)₃CCl, react with aqueous sodium hydroxide, giving two similarities and one difference.

Propene is reacted first with hydrogen chloride to produce X which is then reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide to give Y. Finally, Y is reacted with excess acidified potassium dichromate solution.

$$\text{C}{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}\text{CHC}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\stackrel{\text{HCL}}{\to }\text{X}\stackrel{\text{NaOH(aq)}}{\to }\text{Y}\stackrel{{\text{H}}^{+}/\text{C}{\text{r}}_2{{\text{O}}_7}^{2-}\text{(aq)}}{\to }\text{Z}$$

What is the major product, Z? 

A.     CH₃CH(OH)CH₃

B.     CH₃COCH₃

C.     CH₃CH₂CHO

D.     CH₃(CH₂)₂COOH

Propene is reacted first with hydrogen chloride to produce X which is then reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide to give Y. Finally, Y is reacted with excess acidified potassium dichromate solution.

$$\text{C}{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}\text{CHC}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\stackrel{\text{HCL}}{\to }\text{X}\stackrel{\text{NaOH(aq)}}{\to }\text{Y}\stackrel{{\text{H}}^{+}/\text{C}{\text{r}}_2{{\text{O}}_7}^{2-}\text{(aq)}}{\to }\text{Z}$$

What is the major product, Z? 

A.     CH₃CH(OH)CH₃

B.     CH₃COCH₃

C.     CH₃CH₂CHO

D.     CH₃(CH₂)₂COOH

State the type of solvent most suitable for the reaction.

State the type of solvent most suitable for the reaction.

State the type of solvent most suitable for the reaction.

Nitrobenzene, C₆H₅NO₂, can be converted to phenylamine via a two-stage reaction.

In the first stage, nitrobenzene is reduced with tin in an acidic solution to form an intermediate ion and tin(II) ions. In the second stage, the intermediate ion is converted to phenylamine in the presence of hydroxide ions.

Formulate the equation for each stage of the reaction.

Nitrobenzene, C₆H₅NO₂, can be converted to phenylamine via a two-stage reaction.

In the first stage, nitrobenzene is reduced with tin in an acidic solution to form an intermediate ion and tin(II) ions. In the second stage, the intermediate ion is converted to phenylamine in the presence of hydroxide ions.

Formulate the equation for each stage of the reaction.

Nitrobenzene, C₆H₅NO₂, can be converted to phenylamine via a two-stage reaction.

In the first stage, nitrobenzene is reduced with tin in an acidic solution to form an intermediate ion and tin(II) ions. In the second stage, the intermediate ion is converted to phenylamine in the presence of hydroxide ions.

Formulate the equation for each stage of the reaction.

Deduce the product of the complete reduction reaction in (e)(i).

Deduce the product of the complete reduction reaction in (e)(i).

Deduce the product of the complete reduction reaction in (e)(i).

Write the equation for the production of the active nitrating agent from concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids.

Write the equation for the production of the active nitrating agent from concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids.

Write the equation for the production of the active nitrating agent from concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids.

Which is a major product of the electrophilic addition of hydrogen chloride to propene?

A. ClCH₂CH=CH₂

B. CH₃CH(Cl)CH₃

C. CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl

D. CH₃CH=CHCl

Which is a major product of the electrophilic addition of hydrogen chloride to propene?

A. ClCH₂CH=CH₂

B. CH₃CH(Cl)CH₃

C. CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl

D. CH₃CH=CHCl

Write an equation for the reaction of the major product with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a C₃H₈O compound, showing structural formulas.

Write an equation for the reaction of the major product with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a C₃H₈O compound, showing structural formulas.

Write an equation for the reaction of the major product with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a C₃H₈O compound, showing structural formulas.

In which compound is the halogen substituted the most rapidly by aqueous hydroxide ions?

A. (CH₃)₃CCl

B. (CH₃)₃CI

C. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl

D. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂I

In which compound is the halogen substituted the most rapidly by aqueous hydroxide ions?

A. (CH₃)₃CCl

B. (CH₃)₃CI

C. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl

D. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂I

Which is the electrophile in the nitration of benzene?

A.  ${\mathrm{HNO}}_3$

B.  ${{\mathrm{NO}}_2}^{+}$

C.  ${{\mathrm{NO}}_2}^{-}$

D.  ${{\mathrm{NH}}_4}^{+}$

Which is the electrophile in the nitration of benzene?

A.  ${\mathrm{HNO}}_3$

B.  ${{\mathrm{NO}}_2}^{+}$

C.  ${{\mathrm{NO}}_2}^{-}$

D.  ${{\mathrm{NH}}_4}^{+}$

What will be the major product in the reaction between but-1-ene and $\mathrm{Hbr}$?

A.  2-bromobut-1-ene

B.  1-bromobut-1-ene

C.  2-bromobutane

D.  1-bromobutane

What will be the major product in the reaction between but-1-ene and $\mathrm{Hbr}$?

A.  2-bromobut-1-ene

B.  1-bromobut-1-ene

C.  2-bromobutane

D.  1-bromobutane

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between chloroethane and aqueous sodium hydroxide, $\mathrm{NaOH} \left(\mathrm{aq}\right)$, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between chloroethane and aqueous sodium hydroxide, $\mathrm{NaOH} \left(\mathrm{aq}\right)$, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between chloroethane and aqueous sodium hydroxide, $\mathrm{NaOH} \left(\mathrm{aq}\right)$, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.

Which is most likely to hydrolyse via a S_N1 mechanism?

A.  CH₃CHBrCH₂CH₃

B.  (CH₃)₂CHBr

C.  (CH₃)₃CBr

D.  CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br

Which is most likely to hydrolyse via a S_N1 mechanism?

A.  CH₃CHBrCH₂CH₃

B.  (CH₃)₂CHBr

C.  (CH₃)₃CBr

D.  CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br

Explain why the reaction produces more (CH₃)₃COH than (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH.

Explain why the reaction produces more (CH₃)₃COH than (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH.

Explain why the reaction produces more (CH₃)₃COH than (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH.

Write an equation for the reaction between the acids to produce the electrophile, NO₂⁺.

Write an equation for the reaction between the acids to produce the electrophile, NO₂⁺.

Write an equation for the reaction between the acids to produce the electrophile, NO₂⁺.

Predict, giving a reason, the major product of reaction between but-1-ene and steam.

Predict, giving a reason, the major product of reaction between but-1-ene and steam.

Predict, giving a reason, the major product of reaction between but-1-ene and steam.

What combination of reactants will convert nitrobenzene to phenylamine in two steps?

What combination of reactants will convert nitrobenzene to phenylamine in two steps?

Which reaction represents the neutralization of a Brønsted–Lowry acid and base?

A.  2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnCl₂ (aq) + H₂ (g)

B.  2HCl (aq) + ZnO (s) → ZnCl₂ (aq) + H₂O (l)

C.  4NH₃ (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4NO (g) + 6H₂O (l)

D.  C₂H₄ (g) + H₂ (g) → C₂H₆ (g)

Which reaction represents the neutralization of a Brønsted–Lowry acid and base?

A.  2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnCl₂ (aq) + H₂ (g)

B.  2HCl (aq) + ZnO (s) → ZnCl₂ (aq) + H₂O (l)

C.  4NH₃ (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4NO (g) + 6H₂O (l)

D.  C₂H₄ (g) + H₂ (g) → C₂H₆ (g)