Topic 7: Atomic, nuclear and particle physics

Four of the energy states for an atom are shown. Transition between any two states is possible.

What is the shortest wavelength of radiation that can be emitted from these four states?

A.  $\frac{hc}{E_4-E_1}$

B.  $\frac{hc}{E_4}-\frac{hc}{E_1}$

C.  $\frac{hc}{E_4-E_3}$

D.  $\frac{hc}{E_4}-\frac{hc}{E_3}$ 

Four of the energy states for an atom are shown. Transition between any two states is possible.

What is the shortest wavelength of radiation that can be emitted from these four states?

A.  $\frac{hc}{E_4-E_1}$

B.  $\frac{hc}{E_4}-\frac{hc}{E_1}$

C.  $\frac{hc}{E_4-E_3}$

D.  $\frac{hc}{E_4}-\frac{hc}{E_3}$ 

The Feynman diagram shows some of the changes in a proton–proton collision.

What is the equation for this collision?

A.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\mathrm{n}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$

B.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\mathrm{n}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{-}$

C.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{n}}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$

D.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{n}}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{-}$

The Feynman diagram shows some of the changes in a proton–proton collision.

What is the equation for this collision?

A.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\mathrm{n}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$

B.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\mathrm{n}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{-}$

C.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{n}}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$

D.  $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{p}\to \mathrm{p}+\overline{\mathrm{n}}+{\mathrm{\pi }}^{-}$

Which graph shows the variation of activity $A$ with time $t$ for a radioactive nuclide?

Which graph shows the variation of activity $A$ with time $t$ for a radioactive nuclide?

The mass of nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor decreases at the rate of $8 \mathrm{mg}$ every hour. The overall reaction process has an efficiency of $50 \%$. What is the maximum power output of the reactor?

A.  $100 \mathrm{MW}$

B.  $200 \mathrm{MW}$

C.  $100 \mathrm{GW}$

D.  $200 \mathrm{GW}$

The mass of nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor decreases at the rate of $8 \mathrm{mg}$ every hour. The overall reaction process has an efficiency of $50 \%$. What is the maximum power output of the reactor?

A.  $100 \mathrm{MW}$

B.  $200 \mathrm{MW}$

C.  $100 \mathrm{GW}$

D.  $200 \mathrm{GW}$

Write down the proton number of nuclide X.

Write down the proton number of nuclide X.

Write down the proton number of nuclide X.

Show that the energy released in the reaction is about $180 \mathrm{MeV}$.

Show that the energy released in the reaction is about $180 \mathrm{MeV}$.

Show that the energy released in the reaction is about $180 \mathrm{MeV}$.

State the half-life of Sr-94.

State the half-life of Sr-94.

State the half-life of Sr-94.

Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after $10$ minutes.

Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after $10$ minutes.

Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after $10$ minutes.

Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after $10$ minutes.

Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after $10$ minutes.

Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after $10$ minutes.

Write down the proton number of nuclide X.

Write down the proton number of nuclide X.

Write down the proton number of nuclide X.

Show that the energy released in the reaction is about $180 \mathrm{MeV}$.

Show that the energy released in the reaction is about $180 \mathrm{MeV}$.

Show that the energy released in the reaction is about $180 \mathrm{MeV}$.

Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th).

Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.

Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th).

Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.

Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th).

Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.

Thallium-206 $\left({}_{81}{}^{206}\text{Tl}\right)$ decays into lead-206 $\left({}_{82}{}^{206}\text{Pb}\right)$.

Identify the quark changes for this decay.

Thallium-206 $\left({}_{81}{}^{206}\text{Tl}\right)$ decays into lead-206 $\left({}_{82}{}^{206}\text{Pb}\right)$.

Identify the quark changes for this decay.

Thallium-206 $\left({}_{81}{}^{206}\text{Tl}\right)$ decays into lead-206 $\left({}_{82}{}^{206}\text{Pb}\right)$.

Identify the quark changes for this decay.

Uranium-235 $\left({}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}\right)$ is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144.

Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission.

Uranium-235 $\left({}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}\right)$ is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144.

Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission.

Uranium-235 $\left({}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}\right)$ is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144.

Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission.

When a pi meson π- (du̅) and a proton (uud) collide, a possible outcome is a sigma baryon Σ⁰ (uds) and a kaon meson Κ⁰ (ds̅).

Apply three conservation laws to show that this interaction is possible.

When a pi meson π- (du̅) and a proton (uud) collide, a possible outcome is a sigma baryon Σ⁰ (uds) and a kaon meson Κ⁰ (ds̅).

Apply three conservation laws to show that this interaction is possible.

When a pi meson π- (du̅) and a proton (uud) collide, a possible outcome is a sigma baryon Σ⁰ (uds) and a kaon meson Κ⁰ (ds̅).

Apply three conservation laws to show that this interaction is possible.

Write down the equation to represent this decay.

Write down the equation to represent this decay.

Write down the equation to represent this decay.

The neutron number N and the proton number Z are not equal for the nuclide ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$. Explain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.

The neutron number N and the proton number Z are not equal for the nuclide ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$. Explain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.

The neutron number N and the proton number Z are not equal for the nuclide ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$. Explain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.

Thallium-205 (${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$) can also form from successive alpha (α) and beta-minus (β⁻) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β⁻ β⁻ α. The diagram shows the position of ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ on a chart of neutron number against proton number.

Draw four arrows to show the sequence of changes to N and Z that occur as the ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ forms from the unstable nuclide.

Thallium-205 (${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$) can also form from successive alpha (α) and beta-minus (β⁻) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β⁻ β⁻ α. The diagram shows the position of ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ on a chart of neutron number against proton number.

Draw four arrows to show the sequence of changes to N and Z that occur as the ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ forms from the unstable nuclide.

Thallium-205 (${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$) can also form from successive alpha (α) and beta-minus (β⁻) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β⁻ β⁻ α. The diagram shows the position of ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ on a chart of neutron number against proton number.

Draw four arrows to show the sequence of changes to N and Z that occur as the ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ forms from the unstable nuclide.

Three particles are produced when the nuclide ${}_{12}{}^{23}\text{Mg}$ undergoes beta-plus (β⁺) decay. What are two of these particles?

A. ${}_{11}{}^{23}\text{Na}$ and ${}_0{}^0\text{v}_{\text{e}}$

B. ${}_{-1}{}^0\text{e}$ and ${}_0{}^0\text{v}_{\text{e}}$

C. ${}_{11}{}^{23}\text{Na}$ and ${}_0{}^0\overline{\text{v}}_{\text{e}}$

D. ${}_1{}^0\text{e}$ and ${}_0{}^0\overline{\text{v}}_{\text{e}}$

Three particles are produced when the nuclide ${}_{12}{}^{23}\text{Mg}$ undergoes beta-plus (β⁺) decay. What are two of these particles?

A. ${}_{11}{}^{23}\text{Na}$ and ${}_0{}^0\text{v}_{\text{e}}$

B. ${}_{-1}{}^0\text{e}$ and ${}_0{}^0\text{v}_{\text{e}}$

C. ${}_{11}{}^{23}\text{Na}$ and ${}_0{}^0\overline{\text{v}}_{\text{e}}$

D. ${}_1{}^0\text{e}$ and ${}_0{}^0\overline{\text{v}}_{\text{e}}$

A particle reaction is

$p+e^{-}+{\overline{V}}_{\mu }\to n+{\mu }^{+}+v_e$.

Which conservation law is violated by the reaction?

A. Baryon number

B. Charge

C. Lepton number

D. Momentum

A particle reaction is

$p+e^{-}+{\overline{V}}_{\mu }\to n+{\mu }^{+}+v_e$.

Which conservation law is violated by the reaction?

A. Baryon number

B. Charge

C. Lepton number

D. Momentum

The diagram below shows four energy levels for the atoms of a gas. The diagram is drawn to scale. The wavelengths of the photons emitted by the energy transitions between levels are shown.

What are the wavelengths of spectral lines, emitted by the gas, in order of decreasing frequency?

A.  ${\lambda }_3, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_1, {\lambda }_4$

B.  ${\lambda }_4, {\lambda }_1, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_3$

C.  ${\lambda }_4, {\lambda }_3, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_1$

D.  ${\lambda }_4, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_1, {\lambda }_3$

The diagram below shows four energy levels for the atoms of a gas. The diagram is drawn to scale. The wavelengths of the photons emitted by the energy transitions between levels are shown.

What are the wavelengths of spectral lines, emitted by the gas, in order of decreasing frequency?

A.  ${\lambda }_3, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_1, {\lambda }_4$

B.  ${\lambda }_4, {\lambda }_1, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_3$

C.  ${\lambda }_4, {\lambda }_3, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_1$

D.  ${\lambda }_4, {\lambda }_2, {\lambda }_1, {\lambda }_3$

When a high-energy $\alpha$-particle collides with a beryllium-9 (${}_4{}^9\text{Be}$) nucleus, a nucleus of carbon $\left(\text{Z}=6\right)$ may be produced. What are the products of this reaction?

When a high-energy $\alpha$-particle collides with a beryllium-9 (${}_4{}^9\text{Be}$) nucleus, a nucleus of carbon $\left(\text{Z}=6\right)$ may be produced. What are the products of this reaction?

A sample of a pure radioactive nuclide initially contains $N_0$ atoms. The initial activity of the sample is $A_0$.

A second sample of the same nuclide initially contains $2N_0$ atoms.

What is the activity of the second sample after three half lives?

A.  $\frac{A_0}{2}$

B.  $\frac{A_0}{4}$

C.  $\frac{A_0}{6}$

D.  $\frac{A_0}{8}$

A sample of a pure radioactive nuclide initially contains $N_0$ atoms. The initial activity of the sample is $A_0$.

A second sample of the same nuclide initially contains $2N_0$ atoms.

What is the activity of the second sample after three half lives?

A.  $\frac{A_0}{2}$

B.  $\frac{A_0}{4}$

C.  $\frac{A_0}{6}$

D.  $\frac{A_0}{8}$

During the nuclear fission of nucleus X into nucleus Y and nucleus Z, energy is released. The binding energies per nucleon of X, Y and Z are $B_{\text{X}}$ , $B_{\text{Y}}$ and $B_{\text{Z}}$ respectively. What is true about the binding energy per nucleon of X, Y and Z?

A.  $B_{\text{Y}}$ > $B_{\text{X}}$ and $B_{\text{Z}}$ > $B_{\text{X}}$

B.  $B_{\text{X}}$ = $B_{\text{Y}}$ and $B_{\text{X}}$ = $B_{\text{Z}}$

C.  $B_{\text{X}}$ > $B_{\text{Y}}$ and $B_{\text{X}}$ > $B_{\text{Z}}$

D.  $B_{\text{X}}$ = $B_{\text{Y}}$ + $B_{\text{Z}}$

During the nuclear fission of nucleus X into nucleus Y and nucleus Z, energy is released. The binding energies per nucleon of X, Y and Z are $B_{\text{X}}$ , $B_{\text{Y}}$ and $B_{\text{Z}}$ respectively. What is true about the binding energy per nucleon of X, Y and Z?

A.  $B_{\text{Y}}$ > $B_{\text{X}}$ and $B_{\text{Z}}$ > $B_{\text{X}}$

B.  $B_{\text{X}}$ = $B_{\text{Y}}$ and $B_{\text{X}}$ = $B_{\text{Z}}$

C.  $B_{\text{X}}$ > $B_{\text{Y}}$ and $B_{\text{X}}$ > $B_{\text{Z}}$

D.  $B_{\text{X}}$ = $B_{\text{Y}}$ + $B_{\text{Z}}$

Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th).

Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.

Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th).

Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.

Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th).

Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.

Write down the equation to represent this decay.

Write down the equation to represent this decay.

Write down the equation to represent this decay.

The neutron number N and the proton number Z are not equal for the nuclide ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$. Explain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.

The neutron number N and the proton number Z are not equal for the nuclide ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$. Explain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.

The neutron number N and the proton number Z are not equal for the nuclide ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$. Explain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.

Thallium-205 (${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$) can also form from successive alpha (α) and beta-minus (β⁻) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β⁻ β⁻ α. The diagram shows the position of ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ on a chart of neutron number against proton number.

Draw four arrows to show the sequence of changes to N and Z that occur as the ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ forms from the unstable nuclide.

Thallium-205 (${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$) can also form from successive alpha (α) and beta-minus (β⁻) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β⁻ β⁻ α. The diagram shows the position of ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ on a chart of neutron number against proton number.

Draw four arrows to show the sequence of changes to N and Z that occur as the ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ forms from the unstable nuclide.

Thallium-205 (${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$) can also form from successive alpha (α) and beta-minus (β⁻) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β⁻ β⁻ α. The diagram shows the position of ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ on a chart of neutron number against proton number.

Draw four arrows to show the sequence of changes to N and Z that occur as the ${}_{81}{}^{205}\text{Tl}$ forms from the unstable nuclide.

The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\text{kinetic energy of alpha particle}}{\text{kinetic energy of uranium}}$.

The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\text{kinetic energy of alpha particle}}{\text{kinetic energy of uranium}}$.

The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\text{kinetic energy of alpha particle}}{\text{kinetic energy of uranium}}$.

Which Feynman diagram shows beta-plus (β⁺) decay?

Which Feynman diagram shows beta-plus (β⁺) decay?

Two pure samples of radioactive nuclides X and Y have the same initial number of atoms. The half-life of X is $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$.

After a time equal to 4 half-lives of X the ratio $\frac{\text{number of atoms of X}}{\text{number of atoms of Y}}$ is $\frac{1}{8}$.

What is the half-life of Y?

A.     $0.25T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

B.     $0.5T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

C.     $3T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

D.     $4T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

Two pure samples of radioactive nuclides X and Y have the same initial number of atoms. The half-life of X is $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$.

After a time equal to 4 half-lives of X the ratio $\frac{\text{number of atoms of X}}{\text{number of atoms of Y}}$ is $\frac{1}{8}$.

What is the half-life of Y?

A.     $0.25T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

B.     $0.5T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

C.     $3T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

D.     $4T_{\frac{1}{2}}$

The average binding energy per nucleon of the ${}_8^{15}\text{O}$ nucleus is 7.5 MeV. What is the total energy required to separate the nucleons of one nucleus of ${}_8^{15}\text{O}$?

A.     53 MeV

B.     60 MeV

C.     113 MeV

D.     173 MeV

The average binding energy per nucleon of the ${}_8^{15}\text{O}$ nucleus is 7.5 MeV. What is the total energy required to separate the nucleons of one nucleus of ${}_8^{15}\text{O}$?

A.     53 MeV

B.     60 MeV

C.     113 MeV

D.     173 MeV

Identify the missing information for this decay.

Identify the missing information for this decay.

Identify the missing information for this decay.

On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.

On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.

On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.

After 4.3 × 10⁶ years,

$$\frac{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}=7.$$

Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10⁶ years.

After 4.3 × 10⁶ years,

$$\frac{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}=7.$$

Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10⁶ years.

After 4.3 × 10⁶ years,

$$\frac{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}=7.$$

Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10⁶ years.

Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially contains 7.6 × 10¹¹ atoms of beryllium-10. State the number of remaining beryllium-10 nuclei in the sample after 2.8 × 10⁶ years.

Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially contains 7.6 × 10¹¹ atoms of beryllium-10. State the number of remaining beryllium-10 nuclei in the sample after 2.8 × 10⁶ years.

Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially contains 7.6 × 10¹¹ atoms of beryllium-10. State the number of remaining beryllium-10 nuclei in the sample after 2.8 × 10⁶ years.

write down the momentum of the neutrino.

write down the momentum of the neutrino.

write down the momentum of the neutrino.

Element X decays through a series of alpha (α) and beta minus (β^–) emissions. Which series of emissions results in an isotope of X?

A.     1α and 2β^–

B.     1α and 4β^–

C.     2α and 2β^–

D.     2α and 3β^–

Element X decays through a series of alpha (α) and beta minus (β^–) emissions. Which series of emissions results in an isotope of X?

A.     1α and 2β^–

B.     1α and 4β^–

C.     2α and 2β^–

D.     2α and 3β^–

Identify particle V.

Identify particle V.

Identify particle V.

Rutherford constructed a model of the atom based on the results of the alpha particle scattering experiment. Describe this model.

Rutherford constructed a model of the atom based on the results of the alpha particle scattering experiment. Describe this model.

Rutherford constructed a model of the atom based on the results of the alpha particle scattering experiment. Describe this model.

State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.

State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.

State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.

Show that the energy released in the β^– decay of rhodium is about 3 MeV.

Show that the energy released in the β^– decay of rhodium is about 3 MeV.

Show that the energy released in the β^– decay of rhodium is about 3 MeV.

Draw a labelled arrow to complete the Feynman diagram.

Draw a labelled arrow to complete the Feynman diagram.

Draw a labelled arrow to complete the Feynman diagram.

Identify the missing information for this decay.

Identify the missing information for this decay.

Identify the missing information for this decay.

A pure sample of radioactive nuclide $\text{X}$ decays into a stable nuclide $\text{Y}$.

What is $\frac{\text{number of atoms of Y}}{\text{number of atoms of X}}$ after two half-lives?

A.  1

B.  2

C.  3

D.  4

A pure sample of radioactive nuclide $\text{X}$ decays into a stable nuclide $\text{Y}$.

What is $\frac{\text{number of atoms of Y}}{\text{number of atoms of X}}$ after two half-lives?

A.  1

B.  2

C.  3

D.  4

The mass of a nucleus of iron-56 (${}_{26}{}^{56}\text{Fe}$) is M.

What is the mass defect of the nucleus of iron-56?

A.  M − 26m_p − 56m_n

B.  26m_p + 30m_n − M

C.  M − 26m_p − 56m_n − 26m_e

D.  26m_p + 30m_n + 26m_e − M

The mass of a nucleus of iron-56 (${}_{26}{}^{56}\text{Fe}$) is M.

What is the mass defect of the nucleus of iron-56?

A.  M − 26m_p − 56m_n

B.  26m_p + 30m_n − M

C.  M − 26m_p − 56m_n − 26m_e

D.  26m_p + 30m_n + 26m_e − M

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number $A$ of the binding energy per nucleon, $\frac{\text{BE}}{A}$. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number $A$ of the binding energy per nucleon, $\frac{\text{BE}}{A}$. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number $A$ of the binding energy per nucleon, $\frac{\text{BE}}{A}$. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.

The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\text{kinetic energy of alpha particle}}{\text{kinetic energy of uranium}}$.

The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\text{kinetic energy of alpha particle}}{\text{kinetic energy of uranium}}$.

The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\text{kinetic energy of alpha particle}}{\text{kinetic energy of uranium}}$.

Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.

Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.

Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.

On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.

On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.

On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.

Copper (${}_{29}^{64}\text{Cu}$) decays to nickel (${}_{28}^{64}\text{Ni}$). What are the particles emitted and the particle that mediates the interaction?

Copper (${}_{29}^{64}\text{Cu}$) decays to nickel (${}_{28}^{64}\text{Ni}$). What are the particles emitted and the particle that mediates the interaction?

The following decay is observed.

μ⁻ → e⁻ + v_μ + X

What is particle X?

A.   γ

B.   $\overline{v}$_e

C.   Z⁰

D.   v_e

The following decay is observed.

μ⁻ → e⁻ + v_μ + X

What is particle X?

A.   γ

B.   $\overline{v}$_e

C.   Z⁰

D.   v_e

The following interaction is proposed between a proton and a pion.

p⁺ + $\pi$^– → K^– + $\pi$⁺

The quark content of the $\pi$^– is ūd and the quark content of the K^– is ūs.

Three conservation rules are considered

I.   baryon number

II.  charge

III. strangeness.

Which conservation rules are violated in this interaction?

A.   I and II only

B.   I and III only

C.   II and III only

D.   I, II and III

The following interaction is proposed between a proton and a pion.

p⁺ + $\pi$^– → K^– + $\pi$⁺

The quark content of the $\pi$^– is ūd and the quark content of the K^– is ūs.

Three conservation rules are considered

I.   baryon number

II.  charge

III. strangeness.

Which conservation rules are violated in this interaction?

A.   I and II only

B.   I and III only

C.   II and III only

D.   I, II and III

Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a).

Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a).

Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a).

Explain your answer to (b).

Explain your answer to (b).

Explain your answer to (b).

Explain your answer to (a)(ii).

Explain your answer to (a)(ii).

Explain your answer to (a)(ii).

Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum.

Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum.

Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum.

Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a)(i).

Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a)(i).

Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a)(i).

${}_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ undergoes beta-minus (β^–) decay. Explain why the energy gained by the emitted beta particles in this decay is not the same for every beta particle.

${}_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ undergoes beta-minus (β^–) decay. Explain why the energy gained by the emitted beta particles in this decay is not the same for every beta particle.

${}_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ undergoes beta-minus (β^–) decay. Explain why the energy gained by the emitted beta particles in this decay is not the same for every beta particle.

${}_{92}{}^{238}\text{U}$ undergoes an alpha decay, followed by a beta-minus decay. What is the number of protons and neutrons in the resulting nuclide?

${}_{92}{}^{238}\text{U}$ undergoes an alpha decay, followed by a beta-minus decay. What is the number of protons and neutrons in the resulting nuclide?

A pure sample of iodine-131 decays into xenon with a half-life of 8 days.

What is $\frac{\text{number of iodine atoms remaining}}{\text{number of xenon atoms formed}}$ after 24 days?

A.  $\frac{1}{8}$

B.  $\frac{1}{7}$

C.  $\frac{7}{8}$

D.  $\frac{8}{7}$

A pure sample of iodine-131 decays into xenon with a half-life of 8 days.

What is $\frac{\text{number of iodine atoms remaining}}{\text{number of xenon atoms formed}}$ after 24 days?

A.  $\frac{1}{8}$

B.  $\frac{1}{7}$

C.  $\frac{7}{8}$

D.  $\frac{8}{7}$

The diagram shows atomic transitions E₁, E₂ and E₃ when a particular atom changes its energy state. The wavelengths of the photons that correspond to these transitions are ${\lambda }_1$, ${\lambda }_2$ and ${\lambda }_3$.

What is correct for these wavelengths?

A.  ${\lambda }_1>{\lambda }_2>{\lambda }_3$

B.  ${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2+{\lambda }_3$

C.  $\frac{1}{{\lambda }_1}=\frac{1}{{\lambda }_2+{\lambda }_3}$

D.  $\frac{1}{{\lambda }_1}=\frac{1}{{\lambda }_2}+\frac{1}{{\lambda }_3}$

The diagram shows atomic transitions E₁, E₂ and E₃ when a particular atom changes its energy state. The wavelengths of the photons that correspond to these transitions are ${\lambda }_1$, ${\lambda }_2$ and ${\lambda }_3$.

What is correct for these wavelengths?

A.  ${\lambda }_1>{\lambda }_2>{\lambda }_3$

B.  ${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2+{\lambda }_3$

C.  $\frac{1}{{\lambda }_1}=\frac{1}{{\lambda }_2+{\lambda }_3}$

D.  $\frac{1}{{\lambda }_1}=\frac{1}{{\lambda }_2}+\frac{1}{{\lambda }_3}$

Carbon (C-12) and hydrogen (H-1) undergo nuclear fusion to form nitrogen.

${}_6{}^{12}\text{C+}{}_1{}^1\text{H →N+}$ photon

What is the number of neutrons and number of nucleons in the nitrogen nuclide?

Carbon (C-12) and hydrogen (H-1) undergo nuclear fusion to form nitrogen.

${}_6{}^{12}\text{C+}{}_1{}^1\text{H →N+}$ photon

What is the number of neutrons and number of nucleons in the nitrogen nuclide?

Describe the quark structure of a baryon.

Describe the quark structure of a baryon.

Describe the quark structure of a baryon.

Write down the equation for this decay.

Write down the equation for this decay.

Write down the equation for this decay.

What statement is not true about radioactive decay?

A.  The percentage of radioactive nuclei of an isotope in a sample of that isotope after 7 half-lives is smaller than 1 %.

B.  The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for half the nuclei in a sample of that isotope to decay.

C.  The whole-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for all the nuclei in a sample of that isotope to decay.

D.  The half-life of radioactive isotopes range between extremely short intervals to thousands of millions of years.

What statement is not true about radioactive decay?

A.  The percentage of radioactive nuclei of an isotope in a sample of that isotope after 7 half-lives is smaller than 1 %.

B.  The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for half the nuclei in a sample of that isotope to decay.

C.  The whole-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for all the nuclei in a sample of that isotope to decay.

D.  The half-life of radioactive isotopes range between extremely short intervals to thousands of millions of years.

A neutron is absorbed by a nucleus of uranium-235$\left({}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}\right)$. One possible outcome is the production of two nuclides, barium-144$\left({}_{56}{}^{144}\text{Ba}\right)$ and krypton-89$\left({}_{36}{}^{89}\text{Kr}\right)$.

How many neutrons are released in this reaction?

A.  0

B.  1

C.  2

D.  3

A neutron is absorbed by a nucleus of uranium-235$\left({}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}\right)$. One possible outcome is the production of two nuclides, barium-144$\left({}_{56}{}^{144}\text{Ba}\right)$ and krypton-89$\left({}_{36}{}^{89}\text{Kr}\right)$.

How many neutrons are released in this reaction?

A.  0

B.  1

C.  2

D.  3

A radioactive nuclide X decays into a nuclide Y. The graph shows the variation with time of the activity A of X. X and Y have the same nucleon number.

What is true about nuclide X?

A.  alpha (α) emitter with a half-life of t

B.  alpha (α) emitter with a half-life of 2t

C.  beta-minus (β⁻) emitter with a half-life of t

D.  beta-minus (β⁻) emitter with a half-life of 2t

A radioactive nuclide X decays into a nuclide Y. The graph shows the variation with time of the activity A of X. X and Y have the same nucleon number.

What is true about nuclide X?

A.  alpha (α) emitter with a half-life of t

B.  alpha (α) emitter with a half-life of 2t

C.  beta-minus (β⁻) emitter with a half-life of t

D.  beta-minus (β⁻) emitter with a half-life of 2t

Another radioactive source consists of a nuclide of caesium $\left({}_{55}{}^{137}\text{Cs}\right)$ that decays to barium $\left({}_{56}{}^{137}\text{Ba}\right)$.

Write down the reaction for this decay.

Another radioactive source consists of a nuclide of caesium $\left({}_{55}{}^{137}\text{Cs}\right)$ that decays to barium $\left({}_{56}{}^{137}\text{Ba}\right)$.

Write down the reaction for this decay.

Another radioactive source consists of a nuclide of caesium $\left({}_{55}{}^{137}\text{Cs}\right)$ that decays to barium $\left({}_{56}{}^{137}\text{Ba}\right)$.

Write down the reaction for this decay.

Identify particle X.

Identify particle X.

Identify particle X.

Energy is transferred to a hadron in an attempt to separate its quarks. Describe the implications of quark confinement for this situation.

Energy is transferred to a hadron in an attempt to separate its quarks. Describe the implications of quark confinement for this situation.

Energy is transferred to a hadron in an attempt to separate its quarks. Describe the implications of quark confinement for this situation.

Sketch the Feynman diagram that represents this reaction. The diagram has been started for you.

Sketch the Feynman diagram that represents this reaction. The diagram has been started for you.

Sketch the Feynman diagram that represents this reaction. The diagram has been started for you.

The ${\pi }^{+}$ meson contains an up ($u$) quark. What is the quark structure of the ${\pi }^{-}$ meson?

A. $ud$

B. $u\overline{d}$

C. $\overline{u}d$

D. $\overline{u}\overline{d}$

The ${\pi }^{+}$ meson contains an up ($u$) quark. What is the quark structure of the ${\pi }^{-}$ meson?

A. $ud$

B. $u\overline{d}$

C. $\overline{u}d$

D. $\overline{u}\overline{d}$

Write down the nuclear equation that represents this reaction.

Write down the nuclear equation that represents this reaction.

Write down the nuclear equation that represents this reaction.

Which of the following atomic energy level transitions corresponds to photons of the shortest wavelength?

Which of the following atomic energy level transitions corresponds to photons of the shortest wavelength?

Three conservation laws in nuclear reactions are

I. conservation of charge

II. conservation of baryon number

III. conservation of lepton number.

The reaction

$n\to {\pi }^{-}+e^{+}+{\overline{v}}_e$

is proposed.

Which conservation laws are violated in the proposed reaction?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Three conservation laws in nuclear reactions are

I. conservation of charge

II. conservation of baryon number

III. conservation of lepton number.

The reaction

$n\to {\pi }^{-}+e^{+}+{\overline{v}}_e$

is proposed.

Which conservation laws are violated in the proposed reaction?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

The positions of stable nuclei are plotted by neutron number n and proton number p. The graph indicates a dotted line for which n = p. Which graph shows the line of stable nuclides and the shaded region where unstable nuclei emit beta minus (β^-) particles?

The positions of stable nuclei are plotted by neutron number n and proton number p. The graph indicates a dotted line for which n = p. Which graph shows the line of stable nuclides and the shaded region where unstable nuclei emit beta minus (β^-) particles?

A radioactive nuclide with atomic number Z undergoes a process of beta-plus (β⁺) decay. What is the atomic number for the nuclide produced and what is another particle emitted during the decay?

A radioactive nuclide with atomic number Z undergoes a process of beta-plus (β⁺) decay. What is the atomic number for the nuclide produced and what is another particle emitted during the decay?

The diagram shows the emission spectrum of an atom.

Which of the following atomic energy level models can produce this spectrum?

The diagram shows the emission spectrum of an atom.

Which of the following atomic energy level models can produce this spectrum?

The rest mass of the helium isotope ${}_2^3\text{He}$ is m.

Which expression gives the binding energy per nucleon for ${}_2^3\text{He}$?

A. $\frac{(2m_p+m_n+m)c^2}{3}$

B. $\frac{(2m_p+m_n-m)c^2}{3}$

C. $(2m_p+m_n+m)c^2$

D. $(2m_p+m_n-m)c^2$

The rest mass of the helium isotope ${}_2^3\text{He}$ is m.

Which expression gives the binding energy per nucleon for ${}_2^3\text{He}$?

A. $\frac{(2m_p+m_n+m)c^2}{3}$

B. $\frac{(2m_p+m_n-m)c^2}{3}$

C. $(2m_p+m_n+m)c^2$

D. $(2m_p+m_n-m)c^2$

The carbon isotope $\frac{14}{6}$C is radioactive. It decays according to the equation

$\frac{14}{6}$C → $\frac{14}{7}$N + X + Y

What are X and Y?

The carbon isotope $\frac{14}{6}$C is radioactive. It decays according to the equation

$\frac{14}{6}$C → $\frac{14}{7}$N + X + Y

What are X and Y?

Nuclide X can decay by two routes. In Route 1 alpha (α) decay is followed by beta-minus (β^–) decay. In Route 2 β^– decay is followed by α decay. P and R are the intermediate products and Q and S are the final products.

Which statement is correct?

A.  Q and S are different isotopes of the same element.

B.  The mass numbers of X and R are the same.

C.  The atomic numbers of P and R are the same.

D.  X and R are different isotopes of the same element.

Nuclide X can decay by two routes. In Route 1 alpha (α) decay is followed by beta-minus (β^–) decay. In Route 2 β^– decay is followed by α decay. P and R are the intermediate products and Q and S are the final products.

Which statement is correct?

A.  Q and S are different isotopes of the same element.

B.  The mass numbers of X and R are the same.

C.  The atomic numbers of P and R are the same.

D.  X and R are different isotopes of the same element.

X is a radioactive nuclide that decays to a stable nuclide. The activity of X falls to $\frac{1}{16}$th of its original value in 32 s.
What is the half-life of X?

A.  2 s

B.  4 s

C.  8 s

D.  16 s

X is a radioactive nuclide that decays to a stable nuclide. The activity of X falls to $\frac{1}{16}$th of its original value in 32 s.
What is the half-life of X?

A.  2 s

B.  4 s

C.  8 s

D.  16 s

Gamma ($\gamma$) radiation

A.  is deflected by a magnetic field.

B.  affects a photographic plate.

C.  originates in the electron cloud outside a nucleus.

D.  is deflected by an electric field.

Gamma ($\gamma$) radiation

A.  is deflected by a magnetic field.

B.  affects a photographic plate.

C.  originates in the electron cloud outside a nucleus.

D.  is deflected by an electric field.

Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for uranium-238.

Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for uranium-238.

Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for uranium-238.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\mathrm{kinetic} \mathrm{energy} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{alpha} \mathrm{particle}}{\mathrm{kinetic} \mathrm{energy} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{thorium} \mathrm{nucleus}}$.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\mathrm{kinetic} \mathrm{energy} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{alpha} \mathrm{particle}}{\mathrm{kinetic} \mathrm{energy} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{thorium} \mathrm{nucleus}}$.

Calculate the ratio $\frac{\mathrm{kinetic} \mathrm{energy} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{alpha} \mathrm{particle}}{\mathrm{kinetic} \mathrm{energy} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{thorium} \mathrm{nucleus}}$.

A nucleus of krypton (Kr) decays to a nucleus of bromine (Br) according to the equation

${}_{36}{}^{84}\text{Kr}\to {}_{35}{}^{84}\text{Br}+\text{Y}+\text{Z}$

What are Y and Z?

A nucleus of krypton (Kr) decays to a nucleus of bromine (Br) according to the equation

${}_{36}{}^{84}\text{Kr}\to {}_{35}{}^{84}\text{Br}+\text{Y}+\text{Z}$

What are Y and Z?

Which development in physics constituted a paradigm shift?

A.  The classification of variables into scalars and vectors

B.  The determination of the velocity of light in different media

C.  The equivalence of $F=ma$ to $F=\frac{\text{Δ}p}{\text{Δ}t}$ when the mass of the system is constant

D.  The equivalence of mass and energy

Which development in physics constituted a paradigm shift?

A.  The classification of variables into scalars and vectors

B.  The determination of the velocity of light in different media

C.  The equivalence of $F=ma$ to $F=\frac{\text{Δ}p}{\text{Δ}t}$ when the mass of the system is constant

D.  The equivalence of mass and energy

The unified atomic mass unit, u, is a non-SI unit usually used by scientists to state atomic masses.

What is u?

A.  It is the mean of the masses of a proton and a neutron.

B.  It is the mean of the masses of protons and neutrons in all chemical elements.

C.  It is $\frac{1}{16}$ the mass of an ${}_8{}^{16}\text{O}$ atom.

D.  It is $\frac{1}{12}$ the mass of a ${}_6{}^{12}\text{C}$ atom.

The unified atomic mass unit, u, is a non-SI unit usually used by scientists to state atomic masses.

What is u?

A.  It is the mean of the masses of a proton and a neutron.

B.  It is the mean of the masses of protons and neutrons in all chemical elements.

C.  It is $\frac{1}{16}$ the mass of an ${}_8{}^{16}\text{O}$ atom.

D.  It is $\frac{1}{12}$ the mass of a ${}_6{}^{12}\text{C}$ atom.

Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay.

Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay.

Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay.

Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay.

Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay.

Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay.

Deduce, referring to one conservation law, that X is a quark-antiquark pair.

Deduce, referring to one conservation law, that X is a quark-antiquark pair.

Deduce, referring to one conservation law, that X is a quark-antiquark pair.

After 4.3 × 10⁶ years,

$$\frac{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}=7.$$

Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10⁶ years.

After 4.3 × 10⁶ years,

$$\frac{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}=7.$$

Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10⁶ years.

After 4.3 × 10⁶ years,

$$\frac{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}=7.$$

Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10⁶ years.

Suggest why the β^– decay is followed by the emission of a gamma ray photon.

Suggest why the β^– decay is followed by the emission of a gamma ray photon.

Suggest why the β^– decay is followed by the emission of a gamma ray photon.

Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum.

Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum.

Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum.

Which property of a nuclide does not change as a result of beta decay?

A. Nucleon number

B. Neutron number

C. Proton number

D. Charge

Which property of a nuclide does not change as a result of beta decay?

A. Nucleon number

B. Neutron number

C. Proton number

D. Charge

State the half-life of Sr-94.

State the half-life of Sr-94.

State the half-life of Sr-94.

Thallium-206 $\left({}_{81}{}^{206}\text{Tl}\right)$ decays into lead-206 $\left({}_{82}{}^{206}\text{Pb}\right)$.

Identify the quark changes for this decay.

Thallium-206 $\left({}_{81}{}^{206}\text{Tl}\right)$ decays into lead-206 $\left({}_{82}{}^{206}\text{Pb}\right)$.

Identify the quark changes for this decay.

Thallium-206 $\left({}_{81}{}^{206}\text{Tl}\right)$ decays into lead-206 $\left({}_{82}{}^{206}\text{Pb}\right)$.

Identify the quark changes for this decay.

Uranium-235 (${}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}$) is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144.

Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission.

Uranium-235 (${}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}$) is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144.

Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission.

Uranium-235 (${}_{92}{}^{235}\text{U}$) is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144.

Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission.

Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.

Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.

Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number $A$ of the binding energy per nucleon, $\frac{\text{BE}}{A}$. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number $A$ of the binding energy per nucleon, $\frac{\text{BE}}{A}$. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number $A$ of the binding energy per nucleon, $\frac{\text{BE}}{A}$. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.

Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

A fusion reaction of one nucleus of hydrogen-2 and one nucleus of hydrogen-3 converts 0.019 u to energy. A fission reaction of one nucleus of uranium-235 converts a mass of 0.190 u to energy.

What is the ratio $\frac{\text{specific energy of this fusion of hydrogen}}{\text{specific energy of this fission of uranium}}$?

A.  0.1

B.  0.2

C.  5

D.  10

A fusion reaction of one nucleus of hydrogen-2 and one nucleus of hydrogen-3 converts 0.019 u to energy. A fission reaction of one nucleus of uranium-235 converts a mass of 0.190 u to energy.

What is the ratio $\frac{\text{specific energy of this fusion of hydrogen}}{\text{specific energy of this fission of uranium}}$?

A.  0.1

B.  0.2

C.  5

D.  10

In the Bohr model for hydrogen, the radius of the electron orbit in the n = 2 state is four times that of the radius in the n = 1 state.

What is $\frac{\mathrm{speed} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{electron} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{n} = 2 \mathrm{state}}{\mathrm{speed} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{electron} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{n} =1 \mathrm{state}}$?

A.  $\frac{1}{4}$

B.  $\frac{1}{2}$

C.  2

D.  4

In the Bohr model for hydrogen, the radius of the electron orbit in the n = 2 state is four times that of the radius in the n = 1 state.

What is $\frac{\mathrm{speed} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{electron} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{n} = 2 \mathrm{state}}{\mathrm{speed} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{electron} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{n} =1 \mathrm{state}}$?

A.  $\frac{1}{4}$

B.  $\frac{1}{2}$

C.  2

D.  4

Radioactive nuclide X decays into a stable nuclide Y. The decay constant of X is λ. The variation with time t of number of nuclei of X and Y are shown on the same axes.

What is the expression for s?

A.  $\frac{\ln 2}{\lambda }$

B.  $\frac{1}{\lambda }$

C.  $\frac{\lambda }{\ln 2}$

D.  $\ln 2$

Radioactive nuclide X decays into a stable nuclide Y. The decay constant of X is λ. The variation with time t of number of nuclei of X and Y are shown on the same axes.

What is the expression for s?

A.  $\frac{\ln 2}{\lambda }$

B.  $\frac{1}{\lambda }$

C.  $\frac{\lambda }{\ln 2}$

D.  $\ln 2$

Identify with ticks [✓] in the table, the forces that can act on electrons and the forces that can act on quarks.

Identify with ticks [✓] in the table, the forces that can act on electrons and the forces that can act on quarks.

Identify with ticks [✓] in the table, the forces that can act on electrons and the forces that can act on quarks.

A nucleus of platinum (Pt) undergoes alpha decay to form an osmium (Os) nucleus as represented by the following reaction.

${}_{78}{}^{175}\mathrm{Pt}$ → Os + alpha particle

What are the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the osmium nucleus?

A nucleus of platinum (Pt) undergoes alpha decay to form an osmium (Os) nucleus as represented by the following reaction.

${}_{78}{}^{175}\mathrm{Pt}$ → Os + alpha particle

What are the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the osmium nucleus?

Identify with ticks [✓] in the table, the forces that can act on electrons and the forces that can act on quarks.

Identify with ticks [✓] in the table, the forces that can act on electrons and the forces that can act on quarks.

Identify with ticks [✓] in the table, the forces that can act on electrons and the forces that can act on quarks.

Some energy levels for a hydrogen atom are shown.

diagram not to scale

What is the $\frac{\mathrm{wavelength} \mathrm{emitted} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{transition} \mathrm{X}}{\mathrm{wavelength} \mathrm{emitted} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{transition} \mathrm{Y}}$?

A.  $\frac{1}{2}$

B.  $\frac{27}{32}$

C.  $\frac{32}{27}$

D.  2

Some energy levels for a hydrogen atom are shown.

diagram not to scale

What is the $\frac{\mathrm{wavelength} \mathrm{emitted} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{transition} \mathrm{X}}{\mathrm{wavelength} \mathrm{emitted} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{transition} \mathrm{Y}}$?

A.  $\frac{1}{2}$

B.  $\frac{27}{32}$

C.  $\frac{32}{27}$

D.  2

Show, using the data, that the energy released in the decay of one magnesium-27 nucleus is about 2.62 MeV.

Mass of aluminium-27 atom = 26.98153 u
Mass of magnesium-27 atom = 26.98434 u
The unified atomic mass unit is 931.5 MeV c⁻².

Show, using the data, that the energy released in the decay of one magnesium-27 nucleus is about 2.62 MeV.

Mass of aluminium-27 atom = 26.98153 u
Mass of magnesium-27 atom = 26.98434 u
The unified atomic mass unit is 931.5 MeV c⁻².

Show, using the data, that the energy released in the decay of one magnesium-27 nucleus is about 2.62 MeV.

Mass of aluminium-27 atom = 26.98153 u
Mass of magnesium-27 atom = 26.98434 u
The unified atomic mass unit is 931.5 MeV c⁻².