• IB
  • IB Docs (2) Team
    Logout
  • Maths
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Combined Science
  • English Language
  • Geography
  • Other Subjects
GCSE Maths
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersPast Papers Questions
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
GCSE Biology
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
GCSE Chemistry
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
GCSE Physics
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
GCSE Combined Science
Edexcel Combined: Biology Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Combined: Chemistry Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Combined: Physics Revision NotesPast Papers
AQA Combined: Biology Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Combined: Chemistry Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Combined: Physics Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Gateway Combined: Biology Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
OCR Gateway Combined: Chemistry Revision Notes
OCR Gateway Combined: Physics Revision Notes
GCSE English Language
AQA Revision NotesPractice PapersPast Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
GCSE Geography
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision Notes
Edexcel Topic Questions
GCSE Other Subjects
AQA English LiteratureBusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsFurther MathsGeographyHistoryPsychologySociologyStatistics
Edexcel English LiteratureBusinessComputer ScienceGeographyHistoryPsychologyStatistics
OCR English LiteratureBusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsPsychology
OCR Gateway GeographyHistory
  • Maths
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Double Science
  • Economics
  • English Language
  • Geography
  • Other Subjects
IGCSE Maths
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersBronze-Silver-Gold Questions
CIE (Extended) Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE (Core) Topic QuestionsPast Papers
IGCSE Biology
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2020-2022 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2023-2025 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE Chemistry
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2020-2022 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2023-2025 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE Physics
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2020-2022 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2023-2025 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE Double Science
Edexcel Double: Biology Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Double: Chemistry Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel Double: Physics Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE Economics
CIE Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE English Language
CIE Revision NotesPractice PapersPast Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
IGCSE Geography
CIE Revision NotesTopic QuestionsPast Papers
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
IGCSE Other Subjects
CIE Additional MathsEnglish LiteratureBusinessComputer ScienceHistorySociology
Edexcel English LiteratureBusinessComputer ScienceHistoryFurther Maths
  • Maths
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • English Language
  • Other Subjects
AS Maths
Edexcel Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
AQA Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
OCR Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
CIE Pure 1Pure 2MechanicsProbability & Statistics 1
Edexcel IAS Pure 1Pure 2MechanicsStatistics
AS Biology
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Revision Notes
AS Chemistry
Edexcel Revision Notes
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Revision Notes
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Revision Notes
AS Physics
Edexcel Revision Notes
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Revision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Revision Notes
AS English Language
AQA Past Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
AS Other Subjects
AQA BusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureFurther MathsGeographyHistoryPsychologySociology
Edexcel BusinessEconomicsEnglish LiteratureFurther MathsGeographyHistoryPsychology
OCR BusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureFurther Maths AGeographyHistoryPsychologySociology
CIE Further Maths
  • Maths
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • English Language
  • Economics
  • Further Maths
  • Psychology
  • Other Subjects
A Level Maths
Edexcel Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
AQA Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
OCR Pure MathsMechanicsStatistics
CIE Pure 1Pure 3MechanicsProbability & Statistics 1Probability & Statistics 2
Edexcel IAL Pure 1Pure 2Pure 3Pure 4Mechanics 1Mechanics 2Statistics 1Statistics 2Decision 1
A Level Biology
Edexcel Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Edexcel A (SNAB) Revision Notes
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersGold Questions
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
A Level Chemistry
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast PapersGold Questions
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
A Level Physics
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
OCR Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2019-2021 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE 2022-2024 Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
Edexcel IAL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
A Level English Language
AQA Past Papers
CIE Past Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
Edexcel IAL Past Papers
A Level Economics
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Topic QuestionsPast Papers
OCR Past Papers
CIE Past Papers
A Level Further Maths
Edexcel Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
AQA Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
CIE Past Papers
Edexcel IAL Past Papers
A Level Psychology
AQA Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPast Papers
CIE Past Papers
Edexcel Past Papers
OCR Past Papers
Edexcel IAL Past Papers
A Level Other Subjects
AQA BusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistorySociology
CIE BusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographySociology
Edexcel BusinessEconomics AEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistory
OCR BusinessComputer ScienceEconomicsEnglish LiteratureGeographyHistorySociology
Edexcel IAL English LiteratureGeography
CIE IAL History
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Other Subjects
O Level Biology
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
O Level Chemistry
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
O Level Physics
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
O Level Other Subjects
CIE Additional MathsMaths D
  • Maths
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
Pre U Maths
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Pre U Biology
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Pre U Chemistry
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
Pre U Physics
CIE Topic QuestionsPast Papers
  • Maths
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Economics
IB Maths
Maths: AA HL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
Maths: AI HL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
Maths: AA SL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
Maths: AI SL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
IB Biology
Biology: SL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
Biology: HL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
IB Chemistry
Chemistry: SL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
Chemistry: HL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
IB Physics
Physics: SL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
Physics: HL Topic QuestionsRevision NotesPractice Papers
IB Economics
Economics: SL Revision Notes

SL IB Economics

Revision Notes

Home / IB / Economics / SL / Revision Notes / 3. Macroeconomics / 3.3 Macroeconomic Objectives / 3.3.2 Economic Growth


3.3.2 Economic Growth


Short-term Growth

  • Economic growth can occur in the short-term or long-term and each is explained differently
     
  • Changes to any of the components of aggregate demand (AD) will cause short-term economic growth to occur
    • This is illustrated on an AD/AS diagram by a rightward shift in AD
    • It can also be illustrated by using the production possibilities curves model by moving from a point inside the curve to a point closer to the curve
       

1. Short-term Economic Growth on an AD/AS Diagram
 

2-5-1-short-run-economic-growth

Short-term economic growth through a shift of aggregate demand from AD→AD1
 

Diagram Analysis

  • An increase in consumption, investment, government spending or net exports has caused a shift in AD from AD→AD1
  • The current real output has increased from Y1→Y2 which represents an increase in real GDP
    • An increase in real GDP = economic growth
  • This short-term growth has led to an increase in average prices from AP1→AP2
     

2. Short-term Economic Growth on a Production Possibilities Curve (PPC)
  

2-5-1---short-run-economic-growth-on-ppf

Short-term economic growth on a production possibilities curve (PPC) model

 
Diagram Analysis

  • An increase in production has caused a shift in production combinations from X→Y
  • The current real output has increased moving closer to the maximum possible output of the economy
    •  This represents an increase in real GDP
    • An increase in real GDP = economic growth

Long-term Growth

  • Long-term economic growth is caused by any improvements to the determinants of long-run aggregate supply
    • This is illustrated on an AD/AS diagram by a rightward shift in the LRAS
    • It can also be illustrated using the PPC model through a shift outwards of the entire curve
        

1. Long-term Economic Growth on an AD/AS Diagram
  

2-5-1---long-run-economic-growth

Long-term economic growth through an increase in the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) of the economy 

 

Diagram Analysis

  • A change to the quantity/quality of the factors of production has increased potential output of the economy from YFE→YFE1
    • E.g. More rigorous competition policy creates a higher number of firms in each industry leading to greater aggregate supply in the economy
      • This shifts the long-run aggregate supply curve to the right LRAS1→LRAS2 resulting in economic growth
  • The final impact on price levels depends on the shape of the long-run aggregate supply curve (Keynesian or Classical)

 

2. Long-term Economic Growth Using a PPC Model
 

  • The entire PPC of an economy can shift inwards or outwards thereby changing its production possibilities
  • An outward shift demonstrates long-term economic growth
     

3Po5YpWj_1-1-4-production-possibility-frontier_2_edexcel-al-economics

Outward shifts of a PPC show long-run economic growth

 

Diagram Explanation

  • Economic growth occurs when there is an increase in the productive potential of an economy
    • This is demonstrated by an outward shift of the entire curve
    • More consumer goods and more capital goods can now be produced using all of the available resources
       
  • This shift is caused by an increase in the quality or quantity of the available factors of production
    • One example of how the quality of a factor of production can be improved is through the impact of training and education on labour. An educated workforce is a more productive workforce and the production possibilities increase
    • One example of how the quantity of a factor of production can be increased is through a change in migration policies. If an economy allows more foreign workers to work productively in the economy, then the production possibilities increase

Calculating Economic Growth Rates

  • Economic growth is measured by calculating the change in the real GDP between two time periods (usually quarterly or annually)
  • The growth rate is expressed as a percentage
  • Several steps can be included in the calculation of an economic growth rate
  1. Calculate nominal GDP from a set of data for two time periods
  2. Calculate the real GDP for each time period using the GDP deflator
  3. Calculate the percentage change in real GDP between the two time periods

Worked Example

Using the information provided in Table 1 and Table 2, calculate the economic growth rate for Vietnam [4]

Table 1


Category


2018
Value in US$ billions


2019
Value in US$ billions

Consumption  11255 11945
Investment  8927 11100
Income tax 59577 62545
Government spending  15697 16500
Imports 4957 3988
Exports 8532 10300
Net Income 4349 5350

Table 2


GDP Deflator 2018


GDP Deflator 2019

103.8

107.2

Step 1:  Determine which of the data presented is relevant to the calculation

Nominal GDP = C + I = G = (X-M)

So income tax and net income are not relevant


Step 2: Substitute the relevant values into the GDP formula for 2018

Nominal GDP 2018  = C + I + G + (X-M)

Nominal GDP 2018  = 11255  + 8927 + 15697 + (8532 - 4957)

Nominal GDP 2018 = $39,454 billion


Step 3: Substitute the relevant values into the GDP formula for 2019

Nominal GDP 2019  = 11945  + 11100 + 16500 + (10300 - 3988)

Nominal GDP 2019 = $45,857 billion
 

Step 4: Calculate the real GDP for each year using the GDP deflator

Real space GDP space 2018 space equals space fraction numerator Nominal space GDP over denominator GDP space Deflator end fraction space straight x space 100

Real space GDP space 2018 space equals space fraction numerator 39 comma 454 over denominator 103.8 end fraction space straight x space 100 space equals space $ 38 comma 009.63 space billion

Real space GDP space 2019 space equals space fraction numerator 45 comma 857 over denominator 107.2 end fraction space straight x space 100 space equals space $ 42 comma 777.05 space billion
 

Step 5: Calculate the real economic growth rate (the % change in real GDP)

     percent sign space Change space equals space fraction numerator new space value space minus space old space value over denominator old space value end fraction space cross times space 100

percent sign space Change space equals space fraction numerator 42 comma 777.05 space minus space 38 comma 009.63 over denominator 38 comma 009.63 end fraction space cross times space 100

percent sign space Change space equals space 12.54 percent sign

 
(4 Marks for the correct answer or one mark for any correct work in the process. Final answer must be rounded to 2 decimal places)

Exam Tip

Remember that an increase in the economic growth rate may not lead to inflation as the increase in economic growth may be caused by higher levels of aggregate supply which lead to lower average price levels.

Consequences of Economic Growth

  • Economic growth is considered to be the main contributor to an improvement in the standards of living
  • Due to the negative aspects of economic growth, there is much controversy about maintaining it as a central macroeconomic aim
    • Instead, arguments for a focus on societal well-being are gaining traction

An Evaluation of Economic Growth


Impact


Benefits of Economic Growth


Costs of Economic Growth

Living standards

  • Increased incomes lead to better standards of living
  • Increased employment resolves some of the negative social impacts of unemployment

  • Rising aggregate demand causes demand pull inflation and the purchasing power of people on fixed incomes may fall
  • Increased income usually leads to greater consumption of demerit goods
  • Greater output often requires more time from workers and can decrease leisure time and well-being

The Environment

  • Improvement in the quality/quantity of environmentally friendly technologies

  • Environmental damage caused by negative externalities of production and consumption increases
  • Resources are depleted more rapidly 

Income distribution

  • Decreased levels of absolute poverty
  • Higher levels of employment mean that there is more tax revenue for governments to redistribute on welfare payments

  • Lack of equity in the distribution of income - the rich may get richer and the poor poorer

Exam Tip

In the Paper 2 data response material, you may see the phrases  'at constant prices' or 'at current prices'.  'Constant prices' refers to price levels which have been adjusted for inflation whereas 'current prices' refers to nominal price levels.



  • 1. Introduction To Economics
    • 1.1 What Is Economics?
      • 1.1.1 Economics as a Social Science
        • 1.1.2 The Problem of Choice
          • 1.1.3 The Production Possibilities Curve Model (PPC)
            • 1.1.4 Modelling the Economy
            • 1.2 How Do Economists Approach The World?
              • 1.2.1 Economic Methodology
                • 1.2.2 Economic Thought
              • 2. Microeconomics
                • 2.1 Demand
                  • 2.1.1 Demand, Price & Quantity
                    • 2.1.2 Non-Price Determinants of Demand
                    • 2.2 Supply
                      • 2.2.1 Supply, Price & Quantity
                        • 2.2.2 Non-Price Determinants of Supply
                        • 2.3 Competitive Market Equilibrium
                          • 2.3.1 Market Equilibrium & Disequilibrium
                            • 2.3.2 Functions of the Price Mechanism
                              • 2.3.3 Consumer & Producer Surplus
                              • 2.4 Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)
                                • 2.4.1 Definition, Calculation & Determinants of PED
                                  • 2.4.2 The Significance of PED
                                  • 2.5 Income Elasticity of Demand (YED)
                                    • 2.5.1 Definition, Calculation & Illustration of YED
                                    • 2.6 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)
                                      • 2.6.1 Definition, Calculation & Determinants of PES
                                      • 2.7 Role of Government In Microeconomics
                                        • 2.7.1 Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets
                                          • 2.7.2 Government Intervention: Indirect Taxes & Subsidies
                                            • 2.7.3 Government Intervention: Price Controls, Direct Provision & Regulation
                                            • 2.8 Market Failure: Externalities & Common Pool (Access) Resources
                                              • 2.8.1 Market Failure
                                                • 2.8.2 Negative Externalities
                                                  • 2.8.3 Positive Externalities
                                                    • 2.8.4 Common Pool (Access) Resources
                                                      • 2.8.5 Government Intervention to Address the Market Failure
                                                        • 2.8.6 Other Interventions to Address the Market Failure
                                                        • 2.9 Market Failure: Public Goods
                                                          • 2.9.1 Public Goods
                                                        • 3. Macroeconomics
                                                          • 3.1 Measuring Economic Activity
                                                            • 3.1.1 National Income & The Circular Flow of Income
                                                              • 3.1.2 National Income Terminology & Calculations
                                                                • 3.1.3 The Business Cycle
                                                                  • 3.1.4 Appropriateness of Using GDP/GNI to Measure Well-being
                                                                    • 3.1.5 Alternative Measures of Well-Being
                                                                    • 3.2 Variations in Economic Activity (AD & AS)
                                                                      • 3.2.1 Aggregate Demand (AD)
                                                                        • 3.2.2 Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS)
                                                                          • 3.2.3 Alternative Views of Aggregate Supply (AS)
                                                                            • 3.2.4 Shifts of the Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS)
                                                                              • 3.2.5 Macroeconomic Equilibrium
                                                                              • 3.3 Macroeconomic Objectives
                                                                                • 3.3.1 An Introduction to Macroeconomic Objectives
                                                                                  • 3.3.2 Economic Growth
                                                                                    • 3.3.3 Low Unemployment
                                                                                      • 3.3.4 Low & Stable Rate of Inflation
                                                                                        • 3.3.5 Potential Conflicts Between Macroeconomic Objectives
                                                                                        • 3.4 Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                          • 3.4.1 Measuring Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                            • 3.4.2 Causes of Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                              • 3.4.3 Using Taxation to Reduce Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                                • 3.4.4 Other Policies to Reduce Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                                • 3.5 Demand Management: Monetary Policy
                                                                                                  • 3.5.1 An Overview of Monetary Policy
                                                                                                  • 3.6 Demand Management: Fiscal Policy
                                                                                                    • 3.6.1 An Overview of Fiscal Policy
                                                                                                    • 3.7 Supply-Side Policies
                                                                                                      • 3.7.1 An Overview of Supply-Side Policies
                                                                                                        • 3.7.2 The Effectiveness of Supply-Side Policies
                                                                                                      • 4. The Global Economy
                                                                                                        • 4.1 Benefits of International Trade
                                                                                                          • 4.1.1 The Advantages of Free Trade
                                                                                                          • 4.2 Types of Trade Protection
                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Tariffs
                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Quotas
                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Export Subsidies
                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Administrative Barriers
                                                                                                                  • 4.3 Arguments For & Against Trade Protection
                                                                                                                    • 4.3.1 Arguments For & Against Trade Protection
                                                                                                                    • 4.4 Economic Integration
                                                                                                                      • 4.4.1 Understanding Economic Integration
                                                                                                                        • 4.4.2 Types of Trading Blocs
                                                                                                                          • 4.4.3 The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
                                                                                                                          • 4.5 Exchange Rates
                                                                                                                            • 4.5.1 Types of Exchange Rate Systems
                                                                                                                              • 4.5.2 Causes & Consequences of Exchange Rate Fluctuations
                                                                                                                              • 4.6 Balance of Payments
                                                                                                                                • 4.6.1 Components of the Balance of Payments
                                                                                                                                • 4.7 Sustainable Development
                                                                                                                                  • 4.7.1 The Sustainable Development Goals
                                                                                                                                  • 4.8 Measuring Economic Development
                                                                                                                                    • 4.8.1 Single Indicators of Development
                                                                                                                                      • 4.8.2 Composite Indicators of Development
                                                                                                                                        • 4.8.3 Evaluating the Different Approaches
                                                                                                                                        • 4.9 Barriers to Economic Growth & Development
                                                                                                                                          • 4.9.1 Poverty Traps
                                                                                                                                            • 4.9.2 Economic, Political & Social Barriers
                                                                                                                                            • 4.10 Economic Growth & Development Strategies
                                                                                                                                              • 4.10.1 Trade Strategies, Diversification & Social Enterprise
                                                                                                                                                • 4.10.2 Market-Based & Interventionist Policies
                                                                                                                                                  • 4.10.3 Merit Goods & Inward Foreign Direct Investment
                                                                                                                                                    • 4.10.4 Foreign Aid & Development Assistance
                                                                                                                                                      • 4.10.5 Institutional Change
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.10.6 Evaluating Market Orientated Approaches Versus Government Intervention
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.10.7 Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goals

                                                                                                                                                        Author: Steve



                                                                                                                                                        Save My Exams Logo
                                                                                                                                                        Resources
                                                                                                                                                        Home Join Support

                                                                                                                                                        Members
                                                                                                                                                        Members Home Account Logout

                                                                                                                                                        Company
                                                                                                                                                        About Us Contact Us Jobs Terms Privacy Facebook Twitter

                                                                                                                                                        Quick Links
                                                                                                                                                        GCSE Revision Notes IGCSE Revision Notes A Level Revision Notes Biology Chemistry Physics Maths 2022 Advance Information

                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                        © IB Documents (2) Team & u/aimlesskr
                                                                                                                                                        IBO was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, the resources created by Save My Exams.