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Home / IB / Economics / SL / Revision Notes / 4. The Global Economy / 4.10 Economic Growth & Development Strategies / 4.10.7 Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goals


4.10.7 Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goals


Case Study 1 - Armenia

Armenia's Progress Towards Three of the SGDs ( Source: SDGIndex.org)


Goal


Progress


Chart

screen-shot-2023-01-09-at-11-21-53-am

  • The prevalence of undernourishment considers the percentage of the population whose food intake is "insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements for a minimum of one year" (SDGIndex)
  • "Dietary energy requirements are defined as the amount of dietary energy required by an individual to maintain body functions, health and normal activity" (SDGIndex)
  • There has been good progress with the value falling from 27 in 2001 to 3.40 in 2019
  • Undernourishment causes productivity to fall and it can be assumed that with more nourishment, health and productivity will improve
  • Since 2015, there has been a slight increase in the undernourishment indicator

screen-shot-2023-01-19-at-11-26-22-am

screen-shot-2023-01-09-at-11-25-22-am

  • This metric consider "the percentage of adults, 15 years and older, who report having an account (by themselves or with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution, or who have personally used a mobile money service within the past 12 months" (SDGIndex)
  • Access to banking increases the ability to make transactions that can improve the standard of living e.g. remote vendors selling agricultural products can receive payment by mobile phone
  • Between 2014 and 2018 there has been a significant improvement in access to banking moving from 20% of the population to 50%
  • This value is still well below the target but the data is not current and judging by the trend, the current percentage could be a lot higher

screen-shot-2023-01-19-at-11-28-41-am

screen-shot-2023-01-09-at-11-27-27-am

  • The number of intentional homicides per 100,000 people
  • "Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes and interpersonal violence and do not include all killing, such as killing in armed conflict" (SDGIndex)
  • The progress in Armenia between 2000 and 2020 has been erratic
  • Overall, there is a positive downward trend from a value of 3 in 2000 to a value of 1.7 in 2020
  • The value peaked in 2008/9 at 3.4

screen-shot-2023-01-19-at-11-30-01-am

Case Study 2 - Ecuador

Ecuador's Progress Towards Three of the SGDs ( Source: SDGIndex.org)


Goal


Progress


Chart

screen-shot-2023-01-09-at-11-21-53-am

  • The prevalence of undernourishment considers the percentage of the population whose food intake is "insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements for a minimum of one year" (SDGIndex)
  • "Dietary energy requirements are defined as the amount of dietary energy required by an individual to maintain body functions, health and normal activity" (SDGIndex)
  • Between 2008 and 2011 there was good progress with the value falling from 22 to 8
  • Undernourishment has been increasing slowly, but steadily since then and in 2020 was at 13
  • Undernourishment causes productivity to fall and it can be assumed that with increasing undernourishment, health and productivity will worsen

screen-shot-2023-01-19-at-11-34-46-am

screen-shot-2023-01-09-at-11-25-22-am

  • This metric considers "the percentage of adults, 15 years and older, who report having an account (by themselves or with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution, or who have personally used a mobile money service within the past 12 months" (SDGIndex)
  • Access to banking increases the ability to make transactions that can improve the standard of living e.g. remote vendors selling agricultural products can receive payment by mobile phone
  • Progress is slow. Between 2011 and 2018 there has been a small improvement in access to banking moving from 38% of the population to 50%
  • In the final 4 years the increasing trend was starting to flatten
  • This value is still well below the target but the data is not current. However, judging by the trend, the current percentage is not likely to be much higher

screen-shot-2023-01-19-at-11-35-46-am

screen-shot-2023-01-09-at-11-27-27-am

  • The number of intentional homicides per 100,000 people
  • "Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes and interpersonal violence and do not include all killing, such as killing in armed conflict" (SDGIndex)
  • The progress in Ecuador between 2000 and 2020 has been mostly positive
  • It initially increased between 2001 and 2007 when it peaked at a value of 18
  • Homicides then fell steadily until 2018 with the lowest recorded value of 6
  • Since 2018 there has been a concerning upward trend in this value
  • Overall, there is a positive downward trend from a value of 15 in 2000 to a value of 8 in 2020

screen-shot-2023-01-19-at-11-36-39-am



  • 1. Introduction To Economics
    • 1.1 What Is Economics?
      • 1.1.1 Economics as a Social Science
        • 1.1.2 The Problem of Choice
          • 1.1.3 The Production Possibilities Curve Model (PPC)
            • 1.1.4 Modelling the Economy
            • 1.2 How Do Economists Approach The World?
              • 1.2.1 Economic Methodology
                • 1.2.2 Economic Thought
              • 2. Microeconomics
                • 2.1 Demand
                  • 2.1.1 Demand, Price & Quantity
                    • 2.1.2 Non-Price Determinants of Demand
                    • 2.2 Supply
                      • 2.2.1 Supply, Price & Quantity
                        • 2.2.2 Non-Price Determinants of Supply
                        • 2.3 Competitive Market Equilibrium
                          • 2.3.1 Market Equilibrium & Disequilibrium
                            • 2.3.2 Functions of the Price Mechanism
                              • 2.3.3 Consumer & Producer Surplus
                              • 2.4 Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)
                                • 2.4.1 Definition, Calculation & Determinants of PED
                                  • 2.4.2 The Significance of PED
                                  • 2.5 Income Elasticity of Demand (YED)
                                    • 2.5.1 Definition, Calculation & Illustration of YED
                                    • 2.6 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)
                                      • 2.6.1 Definition, Calculation & Determinants of PES
                                      • 2.7 Role of Government In Microeconomics
                                        • 2.7.1 Reasons For Government Intervention In Markets
                                          • 2.7.2 Government Intervention: Indirect Taxes & Subsidies
                                            • 2.7.3 Government Intervention: Price Controls, Direct Provision & Regulation
                                            • 2.8 Market Failure: Externalities & Common Pool (Access) Resources
                                              • 2.8.1 Market Failure
                                                • 2.8.2 Negative Externalities
                                                  • 2.8.3 Positive Externalities
                                                    • 2.8.4 Common Pool (Access) Resources
                                                      • 2.8.5 Government Intervention to Address the Market Failure
                                                        • 2.8.6 Other Interventions to Address the Market Failure
                                                        • 2.9 Market Failure: Public Goods
                                                          • 2.9.1 Public Goods
                                                        • 3. Macroeconomics
                                                          • 3.1 Measuring Economic Activity
                                                            • 3.1.1 National Income & The Circular Flow of Income
                                                              • 3.1.2 National Income Terminology & Calculations
                                                                • 3.1.3 The Business Cycle
                                                                  • 3.1.4 Appropriateness of Using GDP/GNI to Measure Well-being
                                                                    • 3.1.5 Alternative Measures of Well-Being
                                                                    • 3.2 Variations in Economic Activity (AD & AS)
                                                                      • 3.2.1 Aggregate Demand (AD)
                                                                        • 3.2.2 Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS)
                                                                          • 3.2.3 Alternative Views of Aggregate Supply (AS)
                                                                            • 3.2.4 Shifts of the Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS)
                                                                              • 3.2.5 Macroeconomic Equilibrium
                                                                              • 3.3 Macroeconomic Objectives
                                                                                • 3.3.1 An Introduction to Macroeconomic Objectives
                                                                                  • 3.3.2 Economic Growth
                                                                                    • 3.3.3 Low Unemployment
                                                                                      • 3.3.4 Low & Stable Rate of Inflation
                                                                                        • 3.3.5 Potential Conflicts Between Macroeconomic Objectives
                                                                                        • 3.4 Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                          • 3.4.1 Measuring Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                            • 3.4.2 Causes of Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                              • 3.4.3 Using Taxation to Reduce Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                                • 3.4.4 Other Policies to Reduce Inequality & Poverty
                                                                                                • 3.5 Demand Management: Monetary Policy
                                                                                                  • 3.5.1 An Overview of Monetary Policy
                                                                                                  • 3.6 Demand Management: Fiscal Policy
                                                                                                    • 3.6.1 An Overview of Fiscal Policy
                                                                                                    • 3.7 Supply-Side Policies
                                                                                                      • 3.7.1 An Overview of Supply-Side Policies
                                                                                                        • 3.7.2 The Effectiveness of Supply-Side Policies
                                                                                                      • 4. The Global Economy
                                                                                                        • 4.1 Benefits of International Trade
                                                                                                          • 4.1.1 The Advantages of Free Trade
                                                                                                          • 4.2 Types of Trade Protection
                                                                                                            • 4.2.1 Tariffs
                                                                                                              • 4.2.2 Quotas
                                                                                                                • 4.2.3 Export Subsidies
                                                                                                                  • 4.2.4 Administrative Barriers
                                                                                                                  • 4.3 Arguments For & Against Trade Protection
                                                                                                                    • 4.3.1 Arguments For & Against Trade Protection
                                                                                                                    • 4.4 Economic Integration
                                                                                                                      • 4.4.1 Understanding Economic Integration
                                                                                                                        • 4.4.2 Types of Trading Blocs
                                                                                                                          • 4.4.3 The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
                                                                                                                          • 4.5 Exchange Rates
                                                                                                                            • 4.5.1 Types of Exchange Rate Systems
                                                                                                                              • 4.5.2 Causes & Consequences of Exchange Rate Fluctuations
                                                                                                                              • 4.6 Balance of Payments
                                                                                                                                • 4.6.1 Components of the Balance of Payments
                                                                                                                                • 4.7 Sustainable Development
                                                                                                                                  • 4.7.1 The Sustainable Development Goals
                                                                                                                                  • 4.8 Measuring Economic Development
                                                                                                                                    • 4.8.1 Single Indicators of Development
                                                                                                                                      • 4.8.2 Composite Indicators of Development
                                                                                                                                        • 4.8.3 Evaluating the Different Approaches
                                                                                                                                        • 4.9 Barriers to Economic Growth & Development
                                                                                                                                          • 4.9.1 Poverty Traps
                                                                                                                                            • 4.9.2 Economic, Political & Social Barriers
                                                                                                                                            • 4.10 Economic Growth & Development Strategies
                                                                                                                                              • 4.10.1 Trade Strategies, Diversification & Social Enterprise
                                                                                                                                                • 4.10.2 Market-Based & Interventionist Policies
                                                                                                                                                  • 4.10.3 Merit Goods & Inward Foreign Direct Investment
                                                                                                                                                    • 4.10.4 Foreign Aid & Development Assistance
                                                                                                                                                      • 4.10.5 Institutional Change
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.10.6 Evaluating Market Orientated Approaches Versus Government Intervention
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.10.7 Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goals

                                                                                                                                                        Author: Steve



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