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DP IB Maths: AI HL

Revision Notes

Home / IB / Maths: AI HL / DP / Revision Notes / 1. Number & Algebra / 1.5 Complex Numbers / 1.5.1 Intro to Complex Numbers


1.5.1 Intro to Complex Numbers


Cartesian Form

What is an imaginary number?

  • Up until now, when we have encountered an equation such as x to the power of 2 space end exponent equals space minus 1 we would have stated that there are “no real solutions”
    • The solutions are x equals plus-or-minus square root of negative 1 end root which are not real numbers
  • To solve this issue, mathematicians have defined one of the square roots of negative one as straight i; an imaginary number
    • square root of negative 1 end root equals straight i
    • straight i squared equals negative 1
  • The square roots of other negative numbers can be found by rewriting them as a multiple of  square root of negative 1 end root
    • using square root of a b end root equals square root of a cross times square root of b

What is a complex number?

  • Complex numbers have both a real part and an imaginary part
    • For example: 3 plus 4 straight i
    • The real part is 3 and the imaginary part is 4i
  • Complex numbers are often denoted by z
    • We refer to the real and imaginary parts respectively using Re left parenthesis z right parenthesisand Im left parenthesis z right parenthesis
  • Two complex numbers are equal if, and only if, both the real and imaginary parts are identical.
    • For example, 3 plus 2 straight i and 3 plus 3 straight i are not equal
  • The set of all complex numbers is given the symbol straight complex numbers

What is Cartesian Form?

  • There are a number of different forms that complex numbers can be written in
  • The form z = a + bi is known as Cartesian Form
    • a, b ∈ straight real numbers
    • This is the first form given in the formula booklet
  • In general, for z = a + bi
    • Re(z) = a
    • Im(z) = b
  • A complex number can be easily represented geometrically when it is in Cartesian Form
  • Your GDC may call this rectangular form
    • When your GDC is set in rectangular settings it will give answers in Cartesian Form
    • If your GDC is not set in a complex mode it will not give any output in complex number form
    • Make sure you can find the settings for using complex numbers in Cartesian Form and practice inputting problems
  • Cartesian form is the easiest form for adding and subtracting complex numbers

Exam Tip

  • Remember that complex numbers have both a real part and an imaginary part
    • 1 is purely real (its imaginary part is zero)
    • i is purely imaginary (its real part is zero)
    • 1 + i is a complex number (both the real and imaginary parts are equal to 1)

Worked Example

a)
Solve the equation x squared equals negative 9

 1-8-1-ib-hl-aa-cartesian-form-we-a

b)
Solve the equation open parentheses x plus 7 close parentheses squared equals negative 16, giving your answers in Cartesian form.

1-8-1-ib-hl-aa-cartesian-form-we-b

Complex Addition, Subtraction & Multiplication

How do I add and subtract complex numbers in Cartesian Form?

  • Adding and subtracting complex numbers should be done when they are in Cartesian form
  • When adding and subtracting complex numbers, simplify the real and imaginary parts separately
    • Just like you would when collecting like terms in algebra and surds, or dealing with different components in vectors
    • open parentheses a plus b straight i close parentheses plus open parentheses c plus d straight i close parentheses equals open parentheses a plus c close parentheses plus open parentheses b plus d close parentheses straight i
    • open parentheses a plus b straight i close parentheses minus open parentheses c plus d straight i close parentheses equals open parentheses a minus c close parentheses plus open parentheses b minus d close parentheses straight i

How do I multiply complex numbers in Cartesian Form?

  • Complex numbers can be multiplied by a constant in the same way as algebraic expressions:
    • k open parentheses a plus b straight i close parentheses equals k a plus k b straight i
  • Multiplying two complex numbers in Cartesian form is done in the same way as multiplying two linear expressions:
    • open parentheses a plus b straight i close parentheses open parentheses c plus d straight i close parentheses equals a c plus open parentheses a d plus b c close parentheses straight i plus b d straight i squared equals blank a c plus open parentheses a d plus b c close parentheses straight i minus b d
    • This is a complex number with real part a c minus b d blankand imaginary part a d plus b c
    • The most important thing when multiplying complex numbers is that
      • straight i squared equals negative 1
  • Your GDC will be able to multiply complex numbers in Cartesian form
    • Practise doing this and use it to check your answers
  • It is easy to see that multiplying more than two complex numbers together in Cartesian form becomes a lengthy process prone to errors
    • It is easier to multiply complex numbers when they are in different forms and usually it makes sense to convert them from Cartesian form to either Polar form or Euler’s form first
  • Sometimes when a question describes multiple complex numbers, the notation z subscript 1 comma blank z subscript 2 comma blank horizontal ellipsis is used to represent each complex number

How do I deal with higher powers of i?

  • Because straight i squared equals negative 1 this can lead to some interesting results for higher powers of i
    • bold i cubed equals bold i squared cross times bold i equals blank minus bold i
    • bold i to the power of 4 equals left parenthesis bold i squared right parenthesis squared equals open parentheses negative 1 close parentheses squared equals 1
    • bold i to the power of 5 equals left parenthesis bold i squared right parenthesis squared blank cross times bold i equals bold i
    • bold i to the power of 6 equals open parentheses bold i squared close parentheses cubed equals open parentheses negative 1 close parentheses cubed equals blank minus 1
  • We can use this same approach of using i2 to deal with much higher powers
    • bold i to the power of 23 equals open parentheses bold i squared close parentheses to the power of 11 cross times bold i equals open parentheses negative 1 close parentheses to the power of 11 cross times bold i equals blank minus bold i
    • Just remember that -1 raised to an even power is 1 and raised to an odd power is -1

Exam Tip

  • When revising for your exams, practice using your GDC to check any calculations you do with complex numbers by hand
    • This will speed up using your GDC in rectangular form whilst also giving you lots of practice of carrying out calculations by hand

Worked Example

a)
Simplify the expression 2 open parentheses 8 minus 6 straight i close parentheses minus 5 open parentheses 3 plus 4 straight i close parentheses.

1-8-1-ib-hl-aa-adding-subtracting-mulitplying-we-a

b)
Given two complex numbers z subscript 1 equals 3 plus 4 straight i and z subscript 2 equals 6 plus 7 straight i, find z subscript 1 cross times blank z subscript 2.

1-8-1-ib-hl-aa-adding-subtracting-mulitplying-we-b

Complex Conjugation & Division

When dividing complex numbers, the complex conjugate is used to change the denominator to a real number.

What is a complex conjugate?

  • For a given complex number z equals a plus b straight i, the complex conjugate of z is denoted as z to the power of asterisk times, where z to the power of asterisk times equals a minus b straight i
  • If z equals a minus b straight i then z to the power of asterisk times equals a plus b straight i
  • You will find that:
    • z plus z to the power of asterisk times is always real because left parenthesis a plus b straight i right parenthesis plus left parenthesis a minus b straight i right parenthesis equals 2 a
      • For example: left parenthesis 6 plus 5 straight i right parenthesis space plus space left parenthesis 6 minus 5 straight i right parenthesis space equals space 6 plus 6 plus 5 straight i minus 5 straight i space equals space 12
    • z minus z to the power of asterisk times is always imaginary because open parentheses a plus b straight i close parentheses minus left parenthesis a minus b straight i right parenthesis equals 2 b straight i
      • For example: left parenthesis 6 plus 5 straight i right parenthesis space minus space left parenthesis 6 minus 5 straight i right parenthesis space equals space 6 minus 6 plus 5 straight i minus left parenthesis negative 5 straight i right parenthesis space equals space 10 straight i
    • z cross times z to the power of asterisk times is always real because open parentheses a plus b straight i close parentheses open parentheses a minus b straight i close parentheses equals a squared plus a b straight i minus a b straight i minus b squared straight i squared equals a squared plus b squared (as straight i squared equals negative 1)
      • For example: left parenthesis 6 plus 5 straight i right parenthesis left parenthesis 6 minus 5 straight i right parenthesis space equals space 36 space plus 30 straight i space – space 30 straight i space minus 25 straight i squared space equals space 36 space – space 25 left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis space equals space 61

 

How do I divide complex numbers?

  • To divide two complex numbers:
    • STEP 1: Express the calculation in the form of a fraction
    • STEP 2: Multiply the top and bottom by the conjugate of the denominator:
      • fraction numerator a plus b straight i over denominator c plus d straight i end fraction equals blank fraction numerator a plus b straight i over denominator c plus d straight i end fraction blank cross times blank fraction numerator c minus d straight i over denominator c minus d straight i end fraction
      • This ensures we are multiplying by 1; so not affecting the overall value
    • STEP 3: Multiply out and simplify your answer
      • This should have a real number as the denominator
    • STEP 4: Write your answer in Cartesian form as two terms, simplifying each term if needed
      • OR convert into the required form if needed
  • Your GDC will be able to divide two complex numbers in Cartesian form
    • Practise doing this and use it to check your answers if you can

Exam Tip

  • We can speed up the process for finding z z asterisk timesby using the basic pattern of open parentheses x plus a close parentheses open parentheses x minus a close parentheses equals x squared minus a squared
  • We can apply this to complex numbers: open parentheses a plus b straight i close parentheses open parentheses a minus b straight i close parentheses equals a squared minus b squared straight i squared equals a squared plus b squared
    (using the fact that straight i squared equals negative 1)
    • So 3 plus 4 straight i multiplied by its conjugate would be 3 squared plus 4 squared equals 25

Worked Example

Find the value of open parentheses 1 plus 7 straight i close parentheses divided by left parenthesis 3 minus straight i right parenthesis.

1-8-1-ib-hl-aa-dividing-we-a



  • 1. Number & Algebra
    • 1.1 Number Toolkit
      • 1.1.1 Standard Form
        • 1.1.2 Approximation & Estimation
          • 1.1.3 GDC: Solving Equations
          • 1.2 Exponentials & Logs
            • 1.2.1 Exponents
              • 1.2.2 Logarithms
              • 1.3 Sequences & Series
                • 1.3.1 Language of Sequences & Series
                  • 1.3.2 Arithmetic Sequences & Series
                    • 1.3.3 Geometric Sequences & Series
                      • 1.3.4 Applications of Sequences & Series
                      • 1.4 Financial Applications
                        • 1.4.1 Compound Interest & Depreciation
                          • 1.4.2 Amortisation & Annuities
                          • 1.5 Complex Numbers
                            • 1.5.1 Intro to Complex Numbers
                              • 1.5.2 Modulus & Argument
                                • 1.5.3 Introduction to Argand Diagrams
                                • 1.6 Further Complex Numbers
                                  • 1.6.1 Geometry of Complex Numbers
                                    • 1.6.2 Forms of Complex Numbers
                                      • 1.6.3 Applications of Complex Numbers
                                      • 1.7 Matrices
                                        • 1.7.1 Introduction to Matrices
                                          • 1.7.2 Operations with Matrices
                                            • 1.7.3 Determinants & Inverses
                                              • 1.7.4 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Matrices
                                              • 1.8 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
                                                • 1.8.1 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
                                                  • 1.8.2 Applications of Matrices
                                                • 2. Functions
                                                  • 2.1 Linear Functions & Graphs
                                                    • 2.1.1 Equations of a Straight Line
                                                    • 2.2 Further Functions & Graphs
                                                      • 2.2.1 Functions
                                                        • 2.2.2 Graphing Functions
                                                          • 2.2.3 Properties of Graphs
                                                          • 2.3 Modelling with Functions
                                                            • 2.3.1 Linear Models
                                                              • 2.3.2 Quadratic & Cubic Models
                                                                • 2.3.3 Exponential Models
                                                                  • 2.3.4 Direct & Inverse Variation
                                                                    • 2.3.5 Sinusoidal Models
                                                                      • 2.3.6 Strategy for Modelling Functions
                                                                      • 2.4 Functions Toolkit
                                                                        • 2.4.1 Composite & Inverse Functions
                                                                        • 2.5 Transformations of Graphs
                                                                          • 2.5.1 Translations of Graphs
                                                                            • 2.5.2 Reflections of Graphs
                                                                              • 2.5.3 Stretches of Graphs
                                                                                • 2.5.4 Composite Transformations of Graphs
                                                                                • 2.6 Further Modelling with Functions
                                                                                  • 2.6.1 Properties of Further Graphs
                                                                                    • 2.6.2 Natural Logarithmic Models
                                                                                      • 2.6.3 Logistic Models
                                                                                        • 2.6.4 Piecewise Models
                                                                                      • 3. Geometry & Trigonometry
                                                                                        • 3.1 Geometry Toolkit
                                                                                          • 3.1.1 Coordinate Geometry
                                                                                            • 3.1.2 Radian Measure
                                                                                              • 3.1.3 Arcs & Sectors
                                                                                              • 3.2 Geometry of 3D Shapes
                                                                                                • 3.2.1 3D Coordinate Geometry
                                                                                                  • 3.2.2 Volume & Surface Area
                                                                                                  • 3.3 Trigonometry
                                                                                                    • 3.3.1 Pythagoras & Right-Angled Triganometry
                                                                                                      • 3.3.2 Non Right-Angled Trigonometry
                                                                                                        • 3.3.3 Applications of Trigonometry & Pythagoras
                                                                                                        • 3.4 Further Trigonometry
                                                                                                          • 3.4.1 The Unit Circle
                                                                                                            • 3.4.2 Simple Identities
                                                                                                              • 3.4.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations
                                                                                                              • 3.5 Voronoi Diagrams
                                                                                                                • 3.5.1 Voronoi Diagrams
                                                                                                                  • 3.5.2 Toxic Waste Dump Problem
                                                                                                                  • 3.6 Matrix Transformations
                                                                                                                    • 3.6.1 Matrix Transformations
                                                                                                                      • 3.6.2 Determinant of a Transformation Matrix
                                                                                                                      • 3.7 Vector Properties
                                                                                                                        • 3.7.1 Introduction to Vectors
                                                                                                                          • 3.7.2 Position & Displacement Vectors
                                                                                                                            • 3.7.3 Magnitude of a Vector
                                                                                                                              • 3.7.4 The Scalar Product
                                                                                                                                • 3.7.5 The Vector Product
                                                                                                                                  • 3.7.6 Components of Vectors
                                                                                                                                    • 3.7.7 Geometric Proof with Vectors
                                                                                                                                    • 3.8 Vector Equations of Lines
                                                                                                                                      • 3.8.1 Vector Equations of Lines
                                                                                                                                        • 3.8.2 Shortest Distances with Lines
                                                                                                                                        • 3.9 Modelling with Vectors
                                                                                                                                          • 3.9.1 Kinematics with Vectors
                                                                                                                                            • 3.9.2 Constant & Variable Velocity
                                                                                                                                            • 3.10 Graph Theory
                                                                                                                                              • 3.10.1 Introduction to Graph Theory
                                                                                                                                                • 3.10.2 Walks & Adjacency Matrices
                                                                                                                                                  • 3.10.3 Minimum Spanning Trees
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.10.4 Chinese Postman Problem
                                                                                                                                                      • 3.10.5 Travelling Salesman Problem
                                                                                                                                                        • 3.10.6 Bounds for Travelling Salesman Problem
                                                                                                                                                      • 4. Statistics & Probability
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1 Statistics Toolkit
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.1 Sampling
                                                                                                                                                            • 4.1.2 Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                              • 4.1.3 Statistical Measures
                                                                                                                                                                • 4.1.4 Frequency Tables
                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1.5 Linear Transformations of Data
                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.6 Outliers
                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.7 Univariate Data
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.8 Interpreting Data
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.2 Correlation & Regression
                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2.1 Bivariate Data
                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.2 Correlation Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.3 Linear Regression
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.3 Further Correlation & Regression
                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.3.1 Non-linear Regression
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.3.2 Logarithmic Scales
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.3.3 Linearising using Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.4 Probability
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.4.1 Probability & Types of Events
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.4.2 Conditional Probability
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.4.3 Sample Space Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5 Probability Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.5.1 Discrete Probability Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.5.2 Expected Values
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.6 Random Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.6.1 Linear Combinations of Random Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.6.2 Unbiased Estimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.7 Binomial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.7.1 The Binomial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.7.2 Calculating Binomial Probabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.8 Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.8.1 The Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.8.2 Calculations with Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.9 Further Normal Distribution (inc Central Limit Theorem)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.9.1 Sample Mean Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.9.2 Confidence Interval for the Mean
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.10 Poisson Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.10.1 Poisson Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.10.2 Calculating Poisson Probabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.11 Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.11.1 Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.11.2 Chi-squared Test for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.11.3 Goodness of Fit Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.12 Further Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.12.1 Hypothesis Testing for Mean (One Sample)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.12.2 Hypothesis Testing for Mean (Two Sample)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.12.3 Binomial Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.12.4 Poisson Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.12.5 Hypothesis Testing for Correlation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.12.6 Type I & Type II Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.13 Transition Matrices & Markov Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.13.1 Markov Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.13.2 Transition Matrices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5. Calculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1 Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.1.1 Introduction to Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.1.2 Applications of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1.3 Modelling with Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2 Further Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.1 Differentiating Special Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.2 Techniques of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.3 Related Rates of Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.4 Second Order Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.5 Further Applications of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.6 Concavity & Points of Inflection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.1 Trapezoid Rule: Numerical Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.2 Introduction to Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.3 Applications of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.4 Further Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.4.1 Integrating Special Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4.2 Techniques of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.4.3 Further Applications of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.4.4 Volumes of Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5 Kinematics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.1 Kinematics Toolkit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.5.2 Calculus for Kinematics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.6 Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.6.1 Modelling with Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.6.2 Separation of Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.6.3 Slope Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.6.4 Approximate Solutions to Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.7 Further Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.7.1 Coupled Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.7.2 Second Order Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Amber Perry

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Amber

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Amber gained a first class degree in Mathematics & Meteorology from the University of Reading before training to become a teacher. She is passionate about teaching, having spent 8 years teaching GCSE and A Level Mathematics both in the UK and internationally. Amber loves creating bright and informative resources to help students reach their potential.


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