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DP IB Maths: AI HL

Revision Notes

Home / IB / Maths: AI HL / DP / Revision Notes / 4. Statistics & Probability / 4.13 Transition Matrices & Markov Chains / 4.13.2 Transition Matrices


4.13.2 Transition Matrices


Transition Matrices

What is a transition matrix?

  • A transition matrix T shows the transition probabilities between the current state and the next state
    • The columns represent the current states
    • The rows represent the next states
  • The element of T in the ith row and jth column gives the transition probability tij of :
    • the next state being the state corresponding to row i
    • given that the current state is the state corresponding to column j
  • The probabilities in each column must add up to 1
  • The transition matrix depends on how you assign the states to the columns
    • Each transition matrix for a Markov chain will contain the same elements
      • The rows and columns may be in different orders though
      • E.g. Sunny (S) & Cloudy (C) could be in the order S then C or C then S

What is an initial state probability matrix?

  • An initial state probability matrix s0 is a column vector which contains the probabilities of each state being chosen as the initial state
    • If you know which state was chosen as the initial state then that entry will be 1 and the others will all be zero
  • You can find the state probability matrix s1 which contains the probabilities of each state being chosen after one interval of time
    • s1 = Ts0

How do I find expected values after one interval of time?

  • Suppose the Markov change represents a population moving between states
    • Examples include:
      • People in a town switching gyms each year
      • Children choosing a type of sandwich for their lunch each day
  • Suppose the total population is fixed and equals N
  • You can multiply the state probability matrix s1 by N to find the expected number of members of the population at each state

Exam Tip

  • If you are asked to find a transition matrix, check that all the probabilities within a column add up to 1
  • Drawing a transition state diagram can help you to visualise the problem

Worked Example

Each year Jamie donates to one of three charities: A, B or C. At the start of each year, the probabilities of Jamie continuing donate to the same charity or changing charities are represented by the following transition state diagram:

4-13-we-image

a)
Write down a transition matrix bold italic T for this system of probabilities.

4-13-2-ib-ai-hl-transition-matrix-a-we-solution

b)
There is a 10% chance that charity A is the first charity that Jamie chooses, a 10% chance for charity B and an 80% chance for charity C. Find the charity which has the highest probability of being picked as the second charity after the first year.

4-13-2-ib-ai-hl-transition-matrix-b-we-solution-updated

Powers of Transition Matrices

How do I find powers of a transition matrix?

  • You can simply use your GDC to find given powers of a matrix
  • The power could be left in terms of an unknown n
    • In this case it would be more helpful to write the transition matrix in diagonalised form (see section 1.8.2 Applications of Matrices) T = PDP-1 where
      • D is a diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues
      • P is a matrix of corresponding eigenvectors
    • Then Tn = PDnP-1
      • This is given in the formula booklet
    • Every transition matrix always has an eigenvalue equal to 1

What is represented by the powers of a transition matrix?

  • The powers of a transition matrix also represent probabilities
  • The element of Tn in the ith row and jth column gives the probability tnij of :
    • the future state after n intervals of time being the state corresponding to row i
    • given that the current state is the state corresponding to column j
  • For example: Let T be a transition matrix with the element t2,3 representing the probability that tomorrow is sunny given that it is raining today
    • The element t52,3 of the matrix T5 represents the probability that it is sunny in 5 days’ time given that it is raining today
  • The probabilities in each column must still add up to 1

How do I find the column state matrices?

  • The column state matrix sn is a column vector which contains the probabilities of each state being chosen after n intervals of time given the current state
    • sn depends on s0
  • To calculate the column state matrix you raise the transition matrix to the power n and multiply by the initial state matrix
    •   bold italic T to the power of n bold italic s subscript 0 equals bold italic s subscript n
      • You are given this in the formula booklet
  • You can multiply sn by the fixed population size to find the expected number of members of the population at each state after n intervals of time

Worked Example

At a cat sanctuary there are 1000 cats. If a cat is brushed on a given day, then the probability it is brushed the following day is 0.2. If a cat is not brushed on a given day, then the probability that is will be brushed the following day is 0.9.

The transition matrix bold italic T is used to model this information with bold italic T equals open parentheses table row cell 0.2 end cell cell 0.9 end cell row cell 0.8 end cell cell 0.1 end cell end table close parentheses.

a)
On Monday Hippo the cat is brushed. Find the probability that Hippo will be brushed on Friday.

4-13-2-ib-ai-hl-transition-powers-a-we-solution

b)
On Monday 700 cats were brushed. Find the expected number of cats that will be brushed on the following Monday.

4-13-2-ib-ai-hl-transition-powers-b-we-solution

Steady State & Long-term Probabilities

What is the steady state of a regular Markov chain?

  • The vector s is said to be a steady state vector if it does not change when multiplied by the transition matrix
    • Ts = s
  • Regular Markov chains have steady states
    • A Markov chain is said to be regular if there exists a positive integer k such that none of the entries are equal to 0 in the matrix Tk
      • For this course all Markov chains will be regular
  • The transition matrix for a regular Markov chain will have exactly one eigenvalue equal to 1 and the rest will all be less than 1
  • As n gets bigger Tn tends to a matrix where each column is identical
    • The column matrix formed by using one of these columns is called the steady state column matrix s
    • This means that the long-term probabilities tend to fixed probabilities
      • sn tends to s

How do I use long-term probabilities to find the steady state?

  • As Tn tends to a matrix whose columns equal the steady state vector
    • Calculate Tn for a large value of n using your GDC
    • If the columns are identical when rounded to a required degree of accuracy then the column is the steady state vector
    • If the columns are not identical then choose a higher power and repeat

How do I find the exact steady state probabilities?

  • As Ts = s the steady state vector s is the eigenvector of T corresponding to the eigenvalue equal to 1 whose elements sum to 1:
    • Let s have entries x1, x2, ..., xn
    • Use Ts = s to form a system of linear equations
    • There will be an infinite number of solutions so choose a value for one of the unknowns
      • For example: let xn = 1
    • Ignoring the last equation solve the system of linear equations to find x1, x2, ..., xn – 1
    • Divide each value xi by the sum of the values
      • This makes the values add up to 1
  • You might be asked to show this result using diagonalisation
    • Write T = PDP-1 where D is the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues and P is the matrix of eigenvectors
    • Use Tn = PDnP-1
    • As n gets large Dn tends to a matrix where all entries are 0 apart from one entry of 1 due to the eigenvalue of 1
    • Calculate the limit of Tn which will have identical columns
      • You can calculate this by multiplying the three matrices (P, D∞, P-1) together

Exam Tip

  • If you calculate T to the power of infinity by hand then a quick check is to see if the columns are identical
    • It should look like open parentheses table row a a a row b b b row c c c end table close parentheses

Worked Example

If a cat is brushed on a given day, then the probability it is brushed the following day is 0.2. If a cat is not brushed on a given day, then the probability that is will be brushed the following day is 0.9.

The transition matrix bold italic T is used to model this information with bold italic T equals open parentheses table row cell 0.2 end cell cell 0.9 end cell row cell 0.8 end cell cell 0.1 end cell end table close parentheses.

a)
Find an eigenvector of bold italic T corresponding to the eigenvalue 1.

4-13-2-ib-ai-hl-steady-state-a-we-solution

b)
Hence find the steady state vector.

4-13-2-ib-ai-hl-steady-state-b-we-solution



  • 1. Number & Algebra
    • 1.1 Number Toolkit
      • 1.1.1 Standard Form
        • 1.1.2 Approximation & Estimation
          • 1.1.3 GDC: Solving Equations
          • 1.2 Exponentials & Logs
            • 1.2.1 Exponents
              • 1.2.2 Logarithms
              • 1.3 Sequences & Series
                • 1.3.1 Language of Sequences & Series
                  • 1.3.2 Arithmetic Sequences & Series
                    • 1.3.3 Geometric Sequences & Series
                      • 1.3.4 Applications of Sequences & Series
                      • 1.4 Financial Applications
                        • 1.4.1 Compound Interest & Depreciation
                          • 1.4.2 Amortisation & Annuities
                          • 1.5 Complex Numbers
                            • 1.5.1 Intro to Complex Numbers
                              • 1.5.2 Modulus & Argument
                                • 1.5.3 Introduction to Argand Diagrams
                                • 1.6 Further Complex Numbers
                                  • 1.6.1 Geometry of Complex Numbers
                                    • 1.6.2 Forms of Complex Numbers
                                      • 1.6.3 Applications of Complex Numbers
                                      • 1.7 Matrices
                                        • 1.7.1 Introduction to Matrices
                                          • 1.7.2 Operations with Matrices
                                            • 1.7.3 Determinants & Inverses
                                              • 1.7.4 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Matrices
                                              • 1.8 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
                                                • 1.8.1 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
                                                  • 1.8.2 Applications of Matrices
                                                • 2. Functions
                                                  • 2.1 Linear Functions & Graphs
                                                    • 2.1.1 Equations of a Straight Line
                                                    • 2.2 Further Functions & Graphs
                                                      • 2.2.1 Functions
                                                        • 2.2.2 Graphing Functions
                                                          • 2.2.3 Properties of Graphs
                                                          • 2.3 Modelling with Functions
                                                            • 2.3.1 Linear Models
                                                              • 2.3.2 Quadratic & Cubic Models
                                                                • 2.3.3 Exponential Models
                                                                  • 2.3.4 Direct & Inverse Variation
                                                                    • 2.3.5 Sinusoidal Models
                                                                      • 2.3.6 Strategy for Modelling Functions
                                                                      • 2.4 Functions Toolkit
                                                                        • 2.4.1 Composite & Inverse Functions
                                                                        • 2.5 Transformations of Graphs
                                                                          • 2.5.1 Translations of Graphs
                                                                            • 2.5.2 Reflections of Graphs
                                                                              • 2.5.3 Stretches of Graphs
                                                                                • 2.5.4 Composite Transformations of Graphs
                                                                                • 2.6 Further Modelling with Functions
                                                                                  • 2.6.1 Properties of Further Graphs
                                                                                    • 2.6.2 Natural Logarithmic Models
                                                                                      • 2.6.3 Logistic Models
                                                                                        • 2.6.4 Piecewise Models
                                                                                      • 3. Geometry & Trigonometry
                                                                                        • 3.1 Geometry Toolkit
                                                                                          • 3.1.1 Coordinate Geometry
                                                                                            • 3.1.2 Radian Measure
                                                                                              • 3.1.3 Arcs & Sectors
                                                                                              • 3.2 Geometry of 3D Shapes
                                                                                                • 3.2.1 3D Coordinate Geometry
                                                                                                  • 3.2.2 Volume & Surface Area
                                                                                                  • 3.3 Trigonometry
                                                                                                    • 3.3.1 Pythagoras & Right-Angled Triganometry
                                                                                                      • 3.3.2 Non Right-Angled Trigonometry
                                                                                                        • 3.3.3 Applications of Trigonometry & Pythagoras
                                                                                                        • 3.4 Further Trigonometry
                                                                                                          • 3.4.1 The Unit Circle
                                                                                                            • 3.4.2 Simple Identities
                                                                                                              • 3.4.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations
                                                                                                              • 3.5 Voronoi Diagrams
                                                                                                                • 3.5.1 Voronoi Diagrams
                                                                                                                  • 3.5.2 Toxic Waste Dump Problem
                                                                                                                  • 3.6 Matrix Transformations
                                                                                                                    • 3.6.1 Matrix Transformations
                                                                                                                      • 3.6.2 Determinant of a Transformation Matrix
                                                                                                                      • 3.7 Vector Properties
                                                                                                                        • 3.7.1 Introduction to Vectors
                                                                                                                          • 3.7.2 Position & Displacement Vectors
                                                                                                                            • 3.7.3 Magnitude of a Vector
                                                                                                                              • 3.7.4 The Scalar Product
                                                                                                                                • 3.7.5 The Vector Product
                                                                                                                                  • 3.7.6 Components of Vectors
                                                                                                                                    • 3.7.7 Geometric Proof with Vectors
                                                                                                                                    • 3.8 Vector Equations of Lines
                                                                                                                                      • 3.8.1 Vector Equations of Lines
                                                                                                                                        • 3.8.2 Shortest Distances with Lines
                                                                                                                                        • 3.9 Modelling with Vectors
                                                                                                                                          • 3.9.1 Kinematics with Vectors
                                                                                                                                            • 3.9.2 Constant & Variable Velocity
                                                                                                                                            • 3.10 Graph Theory
                                                                                                                                              • 3.10.1 Introduction to Graph Theory
                                                                                                                                                • 3.10.2 Walks & Adjacency Matrices
                                                                                                                                                  • 3.10.3 Minimum Spanning Trees
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.10.4 Chinese Postman Problem
                                                                                                                                                      • 3.10.5 Travelling Salesman Problem
                                                                                                                                                        • 3.10.6 Bounds for Travelling Salesman Problem
                                                                                                                                                      • 4. Statistics & Probability
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1 Statistics Toolkit
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.1 Sampling
                                                                                                                                                            • 4.1.2 Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                              • 4.1.3 Statistical Measures
                                                                                                                                                                • 4.1.4 Frequency Tables
                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1.5 Linear Transformations of Data
                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.6 Outliers
                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.7 Univariate Data
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.8 Interpreting Data
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.2 Correlation & Regression
                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2.1 Bivariate Data
                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.2 Correlation Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.3 Linear Regression
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.3 Further Correlation & Regression
                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.3.1 Non-linear Regression
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.3.2 Logarithmic Scales
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.3.3 Linearising using Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.4 Probability
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.4.1 Probability & Types of Events
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.4.2 Conditional Probability
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.4.3 Sample Space Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5 Probability Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.5.1 Discrete Probability Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.5.2 Expected Values
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.6 Random Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.6.1 Linear Combinations of Random Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.6.2 Unbiased Estimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.7 Binomial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.7.1 The Binomial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.7.2 Calculating Binomial Probabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.8 Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.8.1 The Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.8.2 Calculations with Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.9 Further Normal Distribution (inc Central Limit Theorem)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.9.1 Sample Mean Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.9.2 Confidence Interval for the Mean
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.10 Poisson Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.10.1 Poisson Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.10.2 Calculating Poisson Probabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.11 Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.11.1 Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.11.2 Chi-squared Test for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.11.3 Goodness of Fit Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.12 Further Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.12.1 Hypothesis Testing for Mean (One Sample)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.12.2 Hypothesis Testing for Mean (Two Sample)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.12.3 Binomial Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.12.4 Poisson Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.12.5 Hypothesis Testing for Correlation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.12.6 Type I & Type II Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.13 Transition Matrices & Markov Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.13.1 Markov Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.13.2 Transition Matrices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5. Calculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1 Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.1.1 Introduction to Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.1.2 Applications of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1.3 Modelling with Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2 Further Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.1 Differentiating Special Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.2 Techniques of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.3 Related Rates of Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.4 Second Order Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.5 Further Applications of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.6 Concavity & Points of Inflection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.1 Trapezoid Rule: Numerical Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.2 Introduction to Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.3 Applications of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.4 Further Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.4.1 Integrating Special Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4.2 Techniques of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.4.3 Further Applications of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.4.4 Volumes of Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5 Kinematics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.1 Kinematics Toolkit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.5.2 Calculus for Kinematics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.6 Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.6.1 Modelling with Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.6.2 Separation of Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.6.3 Slope Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.6.4 Approximate Solutions to Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.7 Further Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.7.1 Coupled Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.7.2 Second Order Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Daniel Finlay

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Daniel

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Dan graduated from the University of Oxford with a First class degree in mathematics. As well as teaching maths for over 8 years, Dan has marked a range of exams for Edexcel, tutored students and taught A Level Accounting. Dan has a keen interest in statistics and probability and their real-life applications.


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