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DP IB Maths: AI HL

Revision Notes

Home / IB / Maths: AI HL / DP / Revision Notes / 5. Calculus / 5.2 Further Differentiation / 5.2.6 Concavity & Points of Inflection


5.2.6 Concavity & Points of Inflection


Concavity of a Function

What is concavity?

  • Concavity is the way in which a curve (or surface) bends
  • Mathematically,
    • a curve is CONCAVE DOWN ifspace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis less or equal than 0 for all values ofspace x in an interval
    • a curve is CONCAVE UP ifspace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis greater or equal than 0 for all values ofspace x in an interval
  • CONCAVE DOWN is often called concave
  • CONCAVE UP is often called convex

ib-aa-sl-5-2-5-concave-diagram

Exam Tip

  • In an exam an easy way to remember the difference is:
    • Concave down is the shape of (the mouth of) a sad smiley ☹︎
    • Concave up is the shape of (the mouth of) a happy smiley ☺︎

Worked Example

 The functionspace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis is given byspace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals x cubed minus 3 x plus 2.

a)
Determine whether the curve of the graph ofspace y equals f left parenthesis x right parenthesis is concave down or concave up at the points wherespace x equals negative 2 andspace x equals 2.

5-2-5-ib-sl-aa-only-we1-soltn-a

b)
Find the values ofspace x for which the curve of the graphspace y equals f left parenthesis x right parenthesis of is concave up.

5-2-5-ib-sl-aa-only-we1-soltn-b

Points of Inflection

What is a point of inflection?

  • A point at which the curve of the graph ofspace y equals f left parenthesis x right parenthesis changes concavity is a point of inflection
  • The alternative spelling, inflexion, may sometimes be used

What are the conditions for a point of inflection?

  • A point of inflection requires BOTH of the following two conditions to hold

    • the second derivative is zero
      • space f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals 0
AND

    • the graph ofspace y equals f left parenthesis x right parenthesis changes concavity
      • space f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis changes sign through a point of inflection

ib-aa-sl-5-2-5-point-of-inflection-diagram

  • It is important to understand that the first condition is not sufficient on its own to locate a point of inflection
    • points wherespace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals 0 could be local minimum or maximum points
      • the first derivative test would be needed
    • However, if it is already knownspace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis has a point of inflection atspace x equals a, say, thenspace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis a right parenthesis equals 0

What about the first derivative, like with turning points?

  • A point of inflection, unlike a turning point, does not necessarily have to have a first derivative value of 0 (space f apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals 0 )
    • If it does, it is also a stationary point and is often called a horizontal point of inflection
      • the tangent to the curve at this point would be horizontal
    • The normal distribution is an example of a commonly used function that has a graph with two non-stationary points of inflection

How do I find the coordinates of a point of inflection?

  • For the functionspace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis
STEP 1

Differentiatespace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis twice to findspace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis and solvespace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis equals 0 to find the x-coordinates of possible points of inflection

STEP 2    

Use the second derivative to test the concavity ofspace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis either side ofspace x equals a

  • Ifspace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis less than 0 thenspace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis is concave down
  • Ifspace f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis greater than 0 thenspace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis is concave up

If concavity changes, x equals a is a point of inflection

STEP 3

If required, thespace y-coordinate of a point of inflection can be found by substituting thespace x-coordinate intospace f left parenthesis x right parenthesis

Exam Tip

  • You can find the x-coordinates of the point of inflections of space y equals f left parenthesis x right parenthesis by drawing the graph space y equals f apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis and finding the x-coordinates of any local maximum or local minimum points
  • Another way is to draw the graph space y equals f apostrophe apostrophe left parenthesis x right parenthesis and find the x-coordinates of the points where the graph crosses (not just touches) the x-axis

Worked Example

Find the coordinates of the point of inflection on the graph ofspace y equals 2 x cubed minus 18 x squared plus 24 x plus 5.
Fully justify that your answer is a point of inflection.

5-2-5-ib-sl-aa-only-we2-soltn



  • 1. Number & Algebra
    • 1.1 Number Toolkit
      • 1.1.1 Standard Form
        • 1.1.2 Approximation & Estimation
          • 1.1.3 GDC: Solving Equations
          • 1.2 Exponentials & Logs
            • 1.2.1 Exponents
              • 1.2.2 Logarithms
              • 1.3 Sequences & Series
                • 1.3.1 Language of Sequences & Series
                  • 1.3.2 Arithmetic Sequences & Series
                    • 1.3.3 Geometric Sequences & Series
                      • 1.3.4 Applications of Sequences & Series
                      • 1.4 Financial Applications
                        • 1.4.1 Compound Interest & Depreciation
                          • 1.4.2 Amortisation & Annuities
                          • 1.5 Complex Numbers
                            • 1.5.1 Intro to Complex Numbers
                              • 1.5.2 Modulus & Argument
                                • 1.5.3 Introduction to Argand Diagrams
                                • 1.6 Further Complex Numbers
                                  • 1.6.1 Geometry of Complex Numbers
                                    • 1.6.2 Forms of Complex Numbers
                                      • 1.6.3 Applications of Complex Numbers
                                      • 1.7 Matrices
                                        • 1.7.1 Introduction to Matrices
                                          • 1.7.2 Operations with Matrices
                                            • 1.7.3 Determinants & Inverses
                                              • 1.7.4 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Matrices
                                              • 1.8 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
                                                • 1.8.1 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
                                                  • 1.8.2 Applications of Matrices
                                                • 2. Functions
                                                  • 2.1 Linear Functions & Graphs
                                                    • 2.1.1 Equations of a Straight Line
                                                    • 2.2 Further Functions & Graphs
                                                      • 2.2.1 Functions
                                                        • 2.2.2 Graphing Functions
                                                          • 2.2.3 Properties of Graphs
                                                          • 2.3 Modelling with Functions
                                                            • 2.3.1 Linear Models
                                                              • 2.3.2 Quadratic & Cubic Models
                                                                • 2.3.3 Exponential Models
                                                                  • 2.3.4 Direct & Inverse Variation
                                                                    • 2.3.5 Sinusoidal Models
                                                                      • 2.3.6 Strategy for Modelling Functions
                                                                      • 2.4 Functions Toolkit
                                                                        • 2.4.1 Composite & Inverse Functions
                                                                        • 2.5 Transformations of Graphs
                                                                          • 2.5.1 Translations of Graphs
                                                                            • 2.5.2 Reflections of Graphs
                                                                              • 2.5.3 Stretches of Graphs
                                                                                • 2.5.4 Composite Transformations of Graphs
                                                                                • 2.6 Further Modelling with Functions
                                                                                  • 2.6.1 Properties of Further Graphs
                                                                                    • 2.6.2 Natural Logarithmic Models
                                                                                      • 2.6.3 Logistic Models
                                                                                        • 2.6.4 Piecewise Models
                                                                                      • 3. Geometry & Trigonometry
                                                                                        • 3.1 Geometry Toolkit
                                                                                          • 3.1.1 Coordinate Geometry
                                                                                            • 3.1.2 Radian Measure
                                                                                              • 3.1.3 Arcs & Sectors
                                                                                              • 3.2 Geometry of 3D Shapes
                                                                                                • 3.2.1 3D Coordinate Geometry
                                                                                                  • 3.2.2 Volume & Surface Area
                                                                                                  • 3.3 Trigonometry
                                                                                                    • 3.3.1 Pythagoras & Right-Angled Triganometry
                                                                                                      • 3.3.2 Non Right-Angled Trigonometry
                                                                                                        • 3.3.3 Applications of Trigonometry & Pythagoras
                                                                                                        • 3.4 Further Trigonometry
                                                                                                          • 3.4.1 The Unit Circle
                                                                                                            • 3.4.2 Simple Identities
                                                                                                              • 3.4.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations
                                                                                                              • 3.5 Voronoi Diagrams
                                                                                                                • 3.5.1 Voronoi Diagrams
                                                                                                                  • 3.5.2 Toxic Waste Dump Problem
                                                                                                                  • 3.6 Matrix Transformations
                                                                                                                    • 3.6.1 Matrix Transformations
                                                                                                                      • 3.6.2 Determinant of a Transformation Matrix
                                                                                                                      • 3.7 Vector Properties
                                                                                                                        • 3.7.1 Introduction to Vectors
                                                                                                                          • 3.7.2 Position & Displacement Vectors
                                                                                                                            • 3.7.3 Magnitude of a Vector
                                                                                                                              • 3.7.4 The Scalar Product
                                                                                                                                • 3.7.5 The Vector Product
                                                                                                                                  • 3.7.6 Components of Vectors
                                                                                                                                    • 3.7.7 Geometric Proof with Vectors
                                                                                                                                    • 3.8 Vector Equations of Lines
                                                                                                                                      • 3.8.1 Vector Equations of Lines
                                                                                                                                        • 3.8.2 Shortest Distances with Lines
                                                                                                                                        • 3.9 Modelling with Vectors
                                                                                                                                          • 3.9.1 Kinematics with Vectors
                                                                                                                                            • 3.9.2 Constant & Variable Velocity
                                                                                                                                            • 3.10 Graph Theory
                                                                                                                                              • 3.10.1 Introduction to Graph Theory
                                                                                                                                                • 3.10.2 Walks & Adjacency Matrices
                                                                                                                                                  • 3.10.3 Minimum Spanning Trees
                                                                                                                                                    • 3.10.4 Chinese Postman Problem
                                                                                                                                                      • 3.10.5 Travelling Salesman Problem
                                                                                                                                                        • 3.10.6 Bounds for Travelling Salesman Problem
                                                                                                                                                      • 4. Statistics & Probability
                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1 Statistics Toolkit
                                                                                                                                                          • 4.1.1 Sampling
                                                                                                                                                            • 4.1.2 Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                              • 4.1.3 Statistical Measures
                                                                                                                                                                • 4.1.4 Frequency Tables
                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.1.5 Linear Transformations of Data
                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.1.6 Outliers
                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.1.7 Univariate Data
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.1.8 Interpreting Data
                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.2 Correlation & Regression
                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.2.1 Bivariate Data
                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.2.2 Correlation Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.2.3 Linear Regression
                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.3 Further Correlation & Regression
                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.3.1 Non-linear Regression
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.3.2 Logarithmic Scales
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.3.3 Linearising using Logarithms
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.4 Probability
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.4.1 Probability & Types of Events
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.4.2 Conditional Probability
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.4.3 Sample Space Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.5 Probability Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.5.1 Discrete Probability Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.5.2 Expected Values
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.6 Random Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.6.1 Linear Combinations of Random Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.6.2 Unbiased Estimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.7 Binomial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.7.1 The Binomial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.7.2 Calculating Binomial Probabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.8 Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.8.1 The Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.8.2 Calculations with Normal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.9 Further Normal Distribution (inc Central Limit Theorem)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.9.1 Sample Mean Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.9.2 Confidence Interval for the Mean
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.10 Poisson Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.10.1 Poisson Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.10.2 Calculating Poisson Probabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.11 Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.11.1 Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.11.2 Chi-squared Test for Independence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.11.3 Goodness of Fit Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.12 Further Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 4.12.1 Hypothesis Testing for Mean (One Sample)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 4.12.2 Hypothesis Testing for Mean (Two Sample)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 4.12.3 Binomial Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 4.12.4 Poisson Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 4.12.5 Hypothesis Testing for Correlation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.12.6 Type I & Type II Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 4.13 Transition Matrices & Markov Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 4.13.1 Markov Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 4.13.2 Transition Matrices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5. Calculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.1 Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.1.1 Introduction to Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.1.2 Applications of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.1.3 Modelling with Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.2 Further Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.2.1 Differentiating Special Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.2.2 Techniques of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.2.3 Related Rates of Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.2.4 Second Order Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.2.5 Further Applications of Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.2.6 Concavity & Points of Inflection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.3 Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.3.1 Trapezoid Rule: Numerical Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.3.2 Introduction to Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.3.3 Applications of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.4 Further Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.4.1 Integrating Special Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.4.2 Techniques of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.4.3 Further Applications of Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.4.4 Volumes of Revolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.5 Kinematics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 5.5.1 Kinematics Toolkit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.5.2 Calculus for Kinematics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 5.6 Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 5.6.1 Modelling with Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 5.6.2 Separation of Variables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 5.6.3 Slope Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.6.4 Approximate Solutions to Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 5.7 Further Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 5.7.1 Coupled Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 5.7.2 Second Order Differential Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Paul Freeman

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Paul

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Paul has taught mathematics for 20 years and has been an examiner for Edexcel for over a decade. GCSE, A level, pure, mechanics, statistics, discrete – if it’s in a Maths exam, Paul will know about it. Paul is a passionate fan of clear and colourful notes with fascinating diagrams – one of the many reasons he is excited to be a member of the SME team.


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