B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Description

Nature of science:
Assessing risks and benefits associated with scientific research—scientists need to evaluate the potential of herbicide resistance genes escaping into the wild population. (4.8)

Understandings:

Transgenic organisms produce proteins that were not previously part of their species’ proteome.
Genetic modification can be used to overcome environmental resistance to increase crop yields.
Genetically modified crop plants can be used to produce novel products.
Bioinformatics plays a role in identifying target genes.
The target gene is linked to other sequences that control its expression.
An open reading frame is a significant length of DNA from a start codon to a stop codon.
Marker genes are used to indicate successful uptake.
Recombinant DNA must be inserted into the plant cell and taken up by its chromosome or chloroplast DNA.
Recombinant DNA can be introduced into whole plants, leaf discs or protoplasts.
Recombinant DNA can be introduced by direct physical and chemical methods or indirectly by vectors.

Applications and skills:

Application: Use of tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
Application: Genetic modification of tobacco mosaic virus to allow bulk production of Hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
Application: Production of Amflora potato (Solanum tuberosum) for paper and adhesive industries.
Skill: Evaluation of data on the environmental impact of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans.
Skill: Identification of an open reading frame (ORF).

Guidance:

A significant length of DNA for an open reading frame contains sufficient nucleotides to code for a polypeptide chain.
Limit the chemical methods of introducing genes into plants to calcium chloride and liposomes.
Limit the physical methods of introducing genes into plants to electroporation, microinjection and biolistics (gunshot).
Limit vectors to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and tobacco mosaic virus.

Utilization:
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Biology
Topic 1.5 The origin of cells
Topic 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
Environmental systems and societies
Topic 5.2 Terrestrial food production systems

Aims:

Aim 7: Use of bioinformatics to determine sequences to be modified.
Aim 8: There are ethical and political implications in the introduction of the genetically modified potato Amflora in Europe.

Directly related questions

20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.

Sub sections and their related questions

None

B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

Description

Directly related questions

Sub sections and their related questions

Confirm action