DP Biology (last assessment 2024)

Syllabus sections »

Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics

Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics

Description

Overview of the essential ideas for this option.

B.1: Microorganisms can be used and modified to perform industrial processes.

B.2: Crops can be modified to increase yields and to obtain novel products.

B.3: Biotechnology can be used in the prevention and mitigation of contamination from industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes.

B.4: Biotechnology can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

B.5: Bioinformatics is the use of computers to analyse sequence data in biological research.

Directly related questions

18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Identify the species that has the lowest percentage of coding sequences.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Identify the species that has the lowest percentage of coding sequences.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the species that has the lowest percentage of coding sequences.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: State how similar nucleotide sequences can be identified.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: State how similar nucleotide sequences can be identified.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State how similar nucleotide sequences can be identified.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10c:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Suggest reasons for the choice of yeast as a study organism.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10c:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Suggest reasons for the choice of yeast as a study organism.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Suggest reasons for the choice of yeast as a study organism.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10d:
Outline possible medical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10d:
Outline possible medical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
17N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline possible medical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.HL.TZ0.13:
Discuss biopharming.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.13:
Discuss biopharming.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11a: Explain the reason that only cDNA from expressed genes binds to the DNA on the chip.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11a: Explain the reason that only cDNA from expressed genes binds to the DNA on the chip.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Explain the reason that only cDNA from expressed genes binds to the DNA on the chip.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11b: Explain how the information obtained in this microarray accounts for the differences between...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11b: Explain how the information obtained in this microarray accounts for the differences between...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Explain how the information obtained in this microarray accounts for the differences between...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.i: State a bioinformatic search tool that could be used to perform the alignment.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.i: State a bioinformatic search tool that could be used to perform the alignment.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: State a bioinformatic search tool that could be used to perform the alignment.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.ii: Outline how the similar protein sequences were found.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.ii: Outline how the similar protein sequences were found.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Outline how the similar protein sequences were found.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: Regulations say that a protein is considered allergenic and unsafe for human consumption if at...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: Regulations say that a protein is considered allergenic and unsafe for human consumption if at...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Regulations say that a protein is considered allergenic and unsafe for human consumption if at...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12a:
Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced.

Outline the benefits of using model organisms for studying gene function.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12a:
Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced.

Outline the benefits of using model organisms for studying gene function.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced.

Outline the benefits of using model organisms for studying gene function.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12b:
Describe how BLAST can be used to establish phylogenetic relationships between several organisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12b:
Describe how BLAST can be used to establish phylogenetic relationships between several organisms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Describe how BLAST can be used to establish phylogenetic relationships between several organisms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.13:
Explain the process of gene therapy using viral vectors.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.13:
Explain the process of gene therapy using viral vectors.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11d: A bioinformatics analysis was performed on the protein PSY transcribed from the gene from corn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11d: A bioinformatics analysis was performed on the protein PSY transcribed from the gene from corn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: A bioinformatics analysis was performed on the protein PSY transcribed from the gene from corn...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10d: Describe how bioinformatics can help identify genes within the DNA of an organism.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10d: Describe how bioinformatics can help identify genes within the DNA of an organism.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Describe how bioinformatics can help identify genes within the DNA of an organism.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11e: BLASTp was used to obtain the alignment of the genes coding for PSY. Outline reasons for BLASTn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11e: BLASTp was used to obtain the alignment of the genes coding for PSY. Outline reasons for BLASTn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e: BLASTp was used to obtain the alignment of the genes coding for PSY. Outline reasons for BLASTn...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11f:
In the alignment there are dashes (–) in some positions. Deduce what is indicated by these dashes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11f:
In the alignment there are dashes (–) in some positions. Deduce what is indicated by these dashes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.f:
In the alignment there are dashes (–) in some positions. Deduce what is indicated by these dashes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.12: Explain two or more laboratory tests that can be used to detect the presence of specific...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.12: Explain two or more laboratory tests that can be used to detect the presence of specific...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.13: Explain how antithrombin can be produced by biopharming.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.13: Explain how antithrombin can be produced by biopharming.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12a: Outline how a named vector is used to introduce a new gene into a plant.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12a: Outline how a named vector is used to introduce a new gene into a plant.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Outline how a named vector is used to introduce a new gene into a plant.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: State the role of marker genes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: State the role of marker genes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: State the role of marker genes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microarrays in the diagnosis of disease.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microarrays in the diagnosis of disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Corn (Zea mays) is by far the most widely used biopharming plant, followed by soybeans, tobacco and rice. Around the world approximately 400 biopharming products are in open-air field trials.

State one possible application of biopharming.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Corn (Zea mays) is by far the most widely used biopharming plant, followed by soybeans, tobacco and rice. Around the world approximately 400 biopharming products are in open-air field trials.

State one possible application of biopharming.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Corn (Zea mays) is by far the most widely used biopharming plant, followed by soybeans, tobacco and rice. Around the world approximately 400 biopharming products are in open-air field trials.

State one possible application of biopharming.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Explain the use of a viral vector in gene therapy.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Explain the use of a viral vector in gene therapy.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Explain the use of a viral vector in gene therapy.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
Outline the main principles of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) test.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
Outline the main principles of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) test.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Outline the main principles of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) test.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.13: Explain the use of DNA microarrays in genetic testing or diagnosis.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.13: Explain the use of DNA microarrays in genetic testing or diagnosis.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.14:
Explain how infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of its genetic material and of its proteins.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.14:
Explain how infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of its genetic material and of its proteins.

Sub sections and their related questions

Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics (Core topics)

17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.

Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics (Additional higher level topics)

17N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Identify the species that has the lowest percentage of coding sequences.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: State how similar nucleotide sequences can be identified.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10c:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Suggest reasons for the choice of yeast as a study organism.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10d:
Outline possible medical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
17N.3.HL.TZ0.13:
Discuss biopharming.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12a:
Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced.

Outline the benefits of using model organisms for studying gene function.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12b:
Describe how BLAST can be used to establish phylogenetic relationships between several organisms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.13:
Explain the process of gene therapy using viral vectors.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11a: Explain the reason that only cDNA from expressed genes binds to the DNA on the chip.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11b: Explain how the information obtained in this microarray accounts for the differences between...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.i: State a bioinformatic search tool that could be used to perform the alignment.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.ii: Outline how the similar protein sequences were found.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: Regulations say that a protein is considered allergenic and unsafe for human consumption if at...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10d: Describe how bioinformatics can help identify genes within the DNA of an organism.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11d: A bioinformatics analysis was performed on the protein PSY transcribed from the gene from corn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11e: BLASTp was used to obtain the alignment of the genes coding for PSY. Outline reasons for BLASTn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11f:
In the alignment there are dashes (–) in some positions. Deduce what is indicated by these dashes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.12: Explain two or more laboratory tests that can be used to detect the presence of specific...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.13: Explain how antithrombin can be produced by biopharming.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12a: Outline how a named vector is used to introduce a new gene into a plant.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: State the role of marker genes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microarrays in the diagnosis of disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Corn (Zea mays) is by far the most widely used biopharming plant, followed by soybeans, tobacco and rice. Around the world approximately 400 biopharming products are in open-air field trials.

State one possible application of biopharming.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Explain the use of a viral vector in gene therapy.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
Outline the main principles of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) test.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.13: Explain the use of DNA microarrays in genetic testing or diagnosis.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.14:
Explain how infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of its genetic material and of its proteins.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Corn (Zea mays) is by far the most widely used biopharming plant, followed by soybeans, tobacco and rice. Around the world approximately 400 biopharming products are in open-air field trials.

State one possible application of biopharming.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Explain the use of a viral vector in gene therapy.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
Outline the main principles of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) test.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Corn (Zea mays) is by far the most widely used biopharming plant, followed by soybeans, tobacco and rice. Around the world approximately 400 biopharming products are in open-air field trials.

State one possible application of biopharming.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Explain the use of a viral vector in gene therapy.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Outline the main principles of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) test.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.13: Explain the use of DNA microarrays in genetic testing or diagnosis.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.14:
Explain how infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of its genetic material and of its proteins.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Identify the species that has the lowest percentage of coding sequences.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: State how similar nucleotide sequences can be identified.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10c:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Suggest reasons for the choice of yeast as a study organism.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.10d:
Outline possible medical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the species that has the lowest percentage of coding sequences.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: State how similar nucleotide sequences can be identified.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Suggest reasons for the choice of yeast as a study organism.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline possible medical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
17N.3.HL.TZ0.13:
Discuss biopharming.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12a:
Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced.

Outline the benefits of using model organisms for studying gene function.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.12b:
Describe how BLAST can be used to establish phylogenetic relationships between several organisms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced.

Outline the benefits of using model organisms for studying gene function.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Describe how BLAST can be used to establish phylogenetic relationships between several organisms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.13:
Explain the process of gene therapy using viral vectors.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11a: Explain the reason that only cDNA from expressed genes binds to the DNA on the chip.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.11b: Explain how the information obtained in this microarray accounts for the differences between...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Explain the reason that only cDNA from expressed genes binds to the DNA on the chip.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Explain how the information obtained in this microarray accounts for the differences between...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.i: State a bioinformatic search tool that could be used to perform the alignment.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12a.ii: Outline how the similar protein sequences were found.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: Regulations say that a protein is considered allergenic and unsafe for human consumption if at...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: State a bioinformatic search tool that could be used to perform the alignment.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Outline how the similar protein sequences were found.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Regulations say that a protein is considered allergenic and unsafe for human consumption if at...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10d: Describe how bioinformatics can help identify genes within the DNA of an organism.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Describe how bioinformatics can help identify genes within the DNA of an organism.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11d: A bioinformatics analysis was performed on the protein PSY transcribed from the gene from corn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11e: BLASTp was used to obtain the alignment of the genes coding for PSY. Outline reasons for BLASTn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11f:
In the alignment there are dashes (–) in some positions. Deduce what is indicated by these dashes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: A bioinformatics analysis was performed on the protein PSY transcribed from the gene from corn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e: BLASTp was used to obtain the alignment of the genes coding for PSY. Outline reasons for BLASTn...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.f:
In the alignment there are dashes (–) in some positions. Deduce what is indicated by these dashes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.12: Explain two or more laboratory tests that can be used to detect the presence of specific...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.13: Explain how antithrombin can be produced by biopharming.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12a: Outline how a named vector is used to introduce a new gene into a plant.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.12b: State the role of marker genes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Outline how a named vector is used to introduce a new gene into a plant.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: State the role of marker genes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microarrays in the diagnosis of disease.