DP Biology (last assessment 2024)

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Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics » Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics (Core topics)

Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics (Core topics)

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17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.

Sub sections and their related questions

B.1 Microbiology: organisms in industry

17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.8c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Suggest one material that could be loaded into the biogas fermenter from which biogas can be...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Identify the ideal temperature and oxygen conditions inside the fermenter for efficient biogas...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Distinguish between batch and continuous culture fermentation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: Explain how conditions in the fermenters are maintained to maximize penicillin production.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.8c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Outline a reason for inserting steam into the fermenter before fermentation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Describe how optimal temperature is maintained inside the fermenter.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain how penicillin can be produced in a fermenter.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.i: State in which numbered part of the process you would find the probes to detect changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a.ii:
Explain the possible causes of these changes in pH.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest, with a reason, whether this is a batch or a continuous fermentation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c: State one use of the citric acid produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.08d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a:
State two conditions in the fermenter that would be monitored by the probes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest a reason that the fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify the waste gas produced.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain the process of penicillin production in the fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.12b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Beans contribute to flatulence. Alpha-galactosidase, derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an enzyme that breaks down the fibre usually fermented by bacteria, reducing intestinal gas. Describe how alpha-galactosidase would be produced using A. niger in a continuous fermenter.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Temperature is a variable that needs to be continually monitored in deep-tank batch fermentation...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Identify the nitrogen source that results in the highest yield of citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
State two uses for industrially produced citric acid.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c: Citric acid can be produced by either batch fermentation or continuous fermentation. Distinguish...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.d: Explain the significance of pathway engineering in the industrial use of microorganisms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.9c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: State one fuel that can be produced in this fermenter.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Outline one variable that must be controlled in an industrial fermenter
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain factors that affect the rate of activity of microorganisms in fermenters.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.c: The diagram represents the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Label the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.i: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a.ii: A. aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium. If a Gram staining procedure were carried out on a sample...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i: List two abiotic variables that would need to be monitored during this fermentation process.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii: Describe one way in which microorganisms in this fermenter could be limited by their own activities.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii: Distinguish between batch fermentation and continuous fermentation.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. State...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.10e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: State a group of organisms that will be active in the fermenter labelled X.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Deduce, with a reason, whether X is a continuous fermenter or a batch fermenter.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Probes are used to monitor significant variables within the fermenter. List three significant...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State the main component of biogas.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.e: Inside Y there are rotating paddles. Outline two reasons for these paddles being needed.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc containing OPP in the S. aureus...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: E. coli and P. aeruginosa are both Gram-negative bacteria and S. aureus is Gram-positive. Explain...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.c: The three species of bacteria are commonly found on skin. Explain why excessive handwashing with...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Estimate the diameter of the zone of inhibition of chloramphenicol.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii: Distinguish between the action of tetracycline and penicillin on B. subtilis.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a.iii:
Suggest a reason for the result with disc X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b: Explain how it could be determined that B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.8c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Suggest reasons for the use of a batch culture for the first fermentation and a continuous fermenter for the second fermentation.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b:
Using the graph, explain the trend in biogas production over time in the fermenter without pre-treatment.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Suggest one reason for the higher methane content in biogas in pre-treated rice straw waste.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.9a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: State one industrial use of citric acid.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii:
State the scientific name (binomial) of the microorganism usually used in this process.

B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture

17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Suggest one undesirable consequence of cross-pollination involving glyphosate resistant crop...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data, suggest one recommendation to farmers who plant transgenic soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens stains pink or red with the Gram stain. Deduce from this result what...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Outline how A. tumefaciens is used to introduce genes into soybeans.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplets of each possible reading frame for this piece of DNA.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Define what is meant by an open reading frame.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.9d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Identify the first triplet of nucleotides of each of the three reading frames in the 5’ to 3’...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Open reading frames have start and stop codons. State one other characteristic of open reading...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain how marker genes are used in genetic modification.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.d: State one physical method that could be used to introduce a gene into a plant.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The generation time of C. metallidurans is a few hours. Two strains of the bacterium were tested...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Explain the use of Pseudomonas in bioremediation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.9c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the year with the lowest EIQ for herbicides used in soybean growth in the US from 1998 to...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Using the data from 1998 to 2004, evaluate whether the use of glyphosate has a greater impact on...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Explain the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in introducing glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.10c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the function of a marker gene.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Describe how genes are inserted into plants by electroporation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.c:
Describe how an open reading frame (ORF) can be identified.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.13d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Describe how the tobacco mosaic virus is used in the production of hepatitis B vaccine.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
Using the data, identify one limitation of using soybean cell cultures.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
The open reading frame (ORF) of HBsAg used in tobacco plants was the same one used in soybean plants. Define ORF.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Describe one bioinformatic method that could have been used to find the gene sequence for HBsAg.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.09c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the role of a vector in biotechnology.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Explain how the Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using TMV.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State the importance of marker genes in genetic modification.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.09d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Analyse the data for the growth of nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Suggest a reason for the growth differences between the nontransgenic trout and transgenic trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Describe the use of marker genes in the development of transgenic organisms such as trout.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.d:
Outline the possible environmental impact associated with the accidental release of transgenic trout.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.9c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a:
Transformed leaf discs containing recombinant DNA can be used to grow genetically modified crop plants. Discs taken from the new plant can be used to monitor successful uptake of the recombinant DNA.

State one other method by which recombinant DNA can be introduced into a plant.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Outline the role of bioinformatics in the genetic modification of plants.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.c:
Outline the potential advantages of genetically modified plants.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.10b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Compare and contrast the use of genetically modified corn in the USA in the years 2000 and 2015.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain how the Bt and HT combined crop was produced.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.i: Suggest how these genetically modified tomato plants could be useful to farmers.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c.ii: Explain how a researcher could determine whether other species contained similar sequences to the...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.10: Explain how plants can be genetically modified using the Ti plasmid so that they contain the gene...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.12d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.c: Genes such as the one coding for CTP1 can be located by searching for open reading frames....
18M.3.HL.TZ2.d: Physical and chemical methods can be used to genetically modify crop plants by inserting new...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.9d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast amylose with amylopectin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: Outline how the composition of starch differs in the Amflora potato compared to a normal potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: State one industrial use of the Amflora potato.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.d: Suggest one reason for concerns about growing GM crop varieties such as the Amflora potato on farms.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Identify the nucleotides of the start codon for the polypeptide.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State the chemical difference between the 5' end and the 3' end of a DNA strand.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Within the base sequence shown in the diagram, the sequence for the stop codon UGA appears....
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.11c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline how scientists would determine whether the gene coding for PSY from daffodils has been...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: Discuss whether production of Golden rice is an example of biopharming.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.c: Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in the production of Golden rice varieties. Explain how this...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.a: Some bacterial genes are used as marker genes. Outline the use of marker genes in genetic...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.b: Outline the process of producing bulk quantities of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.10:
The diagram shows a spherical array of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet. Such structures can be used to introduce genes into plant protoplasts.

[Source: SuperManu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome#/media/File:Liposome_scheme-en.svg]

Explain briefly how plant protoplasts are prepared and how vesicles can be used to introduce genes into them.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.9c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a:
Outline how the target gene is found using bioinformatics.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.i:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state the name of the vector.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.ii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state how to detect successful uptake of the gene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b.iii:
In this method of producing transgenic plants, state one method used to introduce the vector into a plant.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.c:
Another method of plant transformation can be used to produce the hepatitis B vaccine. Outline the production of hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.11b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a:
A segment of DNA is shown. Determine a possible open reading frame (ORF) segment in the DNA segment by completing the table.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.i: In gene research, outline the use of open reading frames.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.ii: In gene research, outline the use of gene knockout.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b.iii: In gene research, outline the use of BLASTn.

B.3 Environmental protection

17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.11c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.a: Compare and contrast the effect of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration on the drop in pressure.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.b: State one other way in which the formation of biofilms can be inhibited.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Some biological systems show emergent properties. Emergent properties arise from the interaction...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the aims and methods of bioremediation.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
Trickle filter beds are used to treat sewage.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Explain the role of biofilms in sewage treatment.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.12c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Bacteria sometimes form biofilms inside metal pipes in water systems. Distinguish between free...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
The use of monochloramine is replacing the use of chlorine, as it is more stable, but it can produce by-products that pose possible health risks. Evaluate the data to see whether monochloramine is a good choice as a disinfectant for water systems.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
State how viruses could be used to treat water systems, in order to avoid the use of a disinfectant.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.10d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.a: State the effect chlorination has on the accumulation of biofilm in the pipe.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.b:
Suggest why membrane filtration may be more suitable than chlorination in purifying the water.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.c: Identify which two pipes would be required to study the effect of heat on biofilm accumulation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.d:
Explain how quorum sensing benefits the bacteria within the steel pipes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.11:
The picture shows workers cleaning up a polluted stretch of coastline in Alaska after oil was leaked from a tanker.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg]

Explain how oil pollution can be treated by bioremediation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.11c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.a:
Outline the emergent properties of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.b:
State a positive application of biofilms.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.c:
Suggest two problems that could be caused by the presence of biofilms in water systems.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.10b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.a: State the role of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.11:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.i: Define biofilm.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.a.ii:
Explain the difficulties of treating microorganisms growing in biofilms.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Explain the use of a named bacterium in bioremediation.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.8c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.c: Outline the concept of an emergent property.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.9b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the trend in amount of salt in the soil over the study period.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.b: State the name of the strategy that involves the use of organisms to remove toxic substances from...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.a: Identify the step where the extracellular matrix first appears.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Explain the persistence of urinary tract infections, if bacterial biofilms are formed.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.13: Discuss the use of microorganisms in bioremediation.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.11: The micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage. Discuss the use of bacteriophages in water systems.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.9b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.a: Outline the characteristics which would indicate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.b: The formation of hydrophobic concrete is an example of how biofilms can be useful. Outline one...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.8d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.d: P. aeruginosa is a concern in hospitals because it tends to form biofilms. Outline one reason for...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.9c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.i: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. Define quorum sensing.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c.ii: B. subtilis colonies form biofilms through quorum sensing. State three possible advantages to B....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.11d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.a:
Outline what is meant by halophilic when describing the bacteria.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.b:
Identify the salt concentration with the greatest rate of benzene biodegradation.

………………......… mol m^–3
19M.3.HL.TZ1.c:
State one genus of halophilic bacteria known to biodegrade benzene.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.d: Suggest one advantage to the bacteria of breaking down benzene.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.10b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.a: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.b: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.11:
Explain the use of two named bacteria in response to pollution incidents.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.10b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.i: Outline the process of quorum sensing in bacteria forming a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.a.ii: Suggest one reason, other than quorum sensing, for the resistance to antibiotics of a biofilm.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.b: Outline one example of an environmental problem caused by biofilms.