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DP IB Chemistry: HL

Revision Notes

Home / IB / Chemistry: HL / DP / Revision Notes / 18. HL Acids & Bases / 18.1 Further Aspects of Acids & Bases / 18.1.5 Salt Hydrolysis


18.1.5 Salt Hydrolysis


Salt Hydrolysis

  • An ionic salt is formed from the neutralisation reaction of an acid and base

Neutralisation, downloadable IB Chemistry revision notes

Neutralisation 

  • The ionic salt, MA, formed will dissociate in water
    • Hydrolysis is where water is used to break a bond within a compound, which results in the aqueous ions for an ionic salt

  • The reaction of the salt will vary depending on the strength of the acids and bases used in the neutralisation reaction
  • The use of the differing strengths of the acids and bases will directly influence the type of salt hydrolysis and the pH of the final solution

Strong Acids and Strong Bases

  • A common example of this is the reaction between hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq), and sodium hydroxide (aq):

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O

  • The Na+ and Cl- ions do not act as Brønsted-Lowry acids or bases as they can not release or accept H+ ions
  • Therefore, they do not affect the pH

Strong Acid and Weak Base

  • The salt formed by a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq), and a weak base such as ammonia, NH3 (aq), will form an acidic solution:

HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) → NH4Cl (aq)

  • In this reaction, the conjugate acid of ammonia is formed, NH4+, and can react with water to produce H3O+

NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) 

  • Therefore, the solution becomes more acidic
  • The hydrolysis of this salt demonstrates why the equivalence point of a strong acid - weak base pH curve is below 7

Strong Base and Weak Acid

  • The salt formed by a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), and a weak acid such as ethanoic acid, CH3COOH (aq), will form an acidic solution:

NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) → CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

  • In this reaction, the conjugate base of ethanoic acid is produced, CH3COO– (aq), and this will react with water to form hydroxide ions, OH- (aq)

CH3COO– (aq) + H2O (l) → CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq)

  • Therefore, the solution becomes more basic
  • The hydrolysis of this salt demonstrates why the equivalence point of a strong base - weak acid pH curve is above 7

Weak Acid and Weak Base

  • In order to determine the pH of the resulting solution of a reaction between a weak acid and weak base we must take into account the Ka and Kb values
  • Using the reaction between ammonia, NH3 (aq), and ethanoic acid, CH3COOH (aq), as an example:

NH3 (aq) + CH3COOH (aq)→ CH3COONH4 (aq)

  • Both the cation (positive ion) and anion ion (negative) produced will have acid-base properties

CH3COO– (aq) + H2O (l) → CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq)

NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) 

Ka and Kb calculation, downloadable IB Chemistry revision notes

How to calculate the vales for the values of Ka (cation) and Kb (anion)

  • If the Ka is larger, the solution will be acidic
  • If the Kb is larger the solution will be basic
  • If Ka = Kb, then the pH will be 7

Metals

  • Small metal ions that have a high charge will exhibit a high charge density
    • An example is Al3+
  • This makes the highly charged metal ions ideal for forming complexes as they can coordinately bond with ligands
  • The complex formed can then act as a weak acid by releasing hydrogen ions when hydrolysed, H+
  • The high charge density of the metal ion increases the polarity of the water molecule pulling the electrons towards itself, until the O-H bond finally breaks

[Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) → [Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+ (aq) + H+ (aq)

  • The metal ion must have a high enough charge and small radius for this to occur, consequently, 1+ and 2+ ions will not release H+ ions and therefore decrease the pH of a solution

Aluminium complex, downloadable IB Chemistry revision notes

The [Al(H2O)6]3+ (aq) releases an H+ ion decreasing the pH of the solution 



  • 1. Stoichiometric Relationships
    • 1.1 Matter, Chemical Change & the Mole Concept
      • 1.1.1 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
        • 1.1.2 Equations
          • 1.1.3 State Changes
            • 1.1.4 The Mole Concept
              • 1.1.5 Moles-Mass Problems
                • 1.1.6 Empirical Formulae
                • 1.2 Reacting Masses & Volumes
                  • 1.2.1 Reacting Masses
                    • 1.2.2 Reaction Yields
                      • 1.2.3 Avogadro's Law & Molar Gas Volume
                        • 1.2.4 The Ideal Gas Equation
                          • 1.2.5 Gas Law Relationships
                            • 1.2.6 Real Gases
                              • 1.2.7 Standard Solutions
                                • 1.2.8 Concentration Calculations
                                  • 1.2.9 Titrations
                                • 2. Atomic Structure
                                  • 2.1 Atomic & Electronic Structure
                                    • 2.1.1 The Nuclear Atom
                                      • 2.1.2 Deducing Subatomic Particles
                                        • 2.1.3 Relative Atomic Mass Calculations
                                          • 2.1.4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                            • 2.1.5 Emission Spectra
                                              • 2.1.6 Energy Levels & Sublevels
                                                • 2.1.7 Sublevels & Orbitals
                                                  • 2.1.8 Writing Electron Configurations
                                                • 3. Periodicity
                                                  • 3.1 The Periodic Table & Periodic Trends
                                                    • 3.1.1 The Periodic Table
                                                      • 3.1.2 Periodic Trends: Physical - Atomic & Ionic Radius
                                                        • 3.1.3 Periodic Trends: Physical - Ionisation Energy
                                                          • 3.1.4 Periodic Trends: Physical - Electron Affinity
                                                            • 3.1.5 Periodic Trends: Physical - Electronegativity
                                                              • 3.1.6 Periodic Trends: Chemical
                                                              • 3.2 Oxides, Group 1 & Group 17
                                                                • 3.2.1 Periodic Trends: Oxides Across a Period
                                                                  • 3.2.2 Periodic Trends: Group 1 - The Alkali Metals
                                                                    • 3.2.3 Periodic Trends: Group 17 - The Halogens
                                                                  • 4. Chemical Bonding & Structure
                                                                    • 4.1 Ionic & Covalent Bonding
                                                                      • 4.1.1 Forming Ions
                                                                        • 4.1.2 Ionic Compounds
                                                                          • 4.1.3 Formulae & Names of Ionic Compounds
                                                                            • 4.1.4 Covalent Bonds
                                                                              • 4.1.5 Bond Polarity
                                                                                • 4.1.6 Lewis Structures
                                                                                • 4.2 Resonance, Shapes & Giant Structures
                                                                                  • 4.2.1 Resonance Structures
                                                                                    • 4.2.2 Shapes of Molecules
                                                                                      • 4.2.3 Predicting Molecular Shapes
                                                                                        • 4.2.4 Molecular Polarity
                                                                                          • 4.2.5 Giant Covalent Structures
                                                                                          • 4.3 Intermolecular Forces & Metallic Bonding
                                                                                            • 4.3.1 Types of Intermolecular Forces
                                                                                              • 4.3.2 Deducing Intermolecular Forces
                                                                                                • 4.3.3 Properties of Covalent Compounds
                                                                                                  • 4.3.4 Metallic Bonding
                                                                                                    • 4.3.5 Trends in Melting Points of Metals
                                                                                                      • 4.3.6 Alloys & their Properties
                                                                                                    • 5. Energetics/ Thermochemistry
                                                                                                      • 5.1 Energetics
                                                                                                        • 5.1.1 Energy Changes in Reactions
                                                                                                          • 5.1.2 Standard Enthalpy Change
                                                                                                            • 5.1.3 Calorimetry
                                                                                                              • 5.1.4 Calorimetry Experiments
                                                                                                              • 5.2 Hess's Law
                                                                                                                • 5.2.1 Hess's Law
                                                                                                                  • 5.2.2 Using Hess's Law - Cycles
                                                                                                                    • 5.2.3 Using Hess's Law - Equations
                                                                                                                      • 5.2.4 Using ∆Hf° to Find Enthalpy Changes
                                                                                                                      • 5.3 Bond Enthalpy
                                                                                                                        • 5.3.1 Bond Enthalpy
                                                                                                                          • 5.3.2 Bond Enthalpy Calculations
                                                                                                                            • 5.3.3 Energy Profiles
                                                                                                                              • 5.3.4 Case Study: Ozone
                                                                                                                            • 6. Chemical Kinetics
                                                                                                                              • 6.1 Chemical Kinetics
                                                                                                                                • 6.1.1 Collision Theory
                                                                                                                                  • 6.1.2 Rate of Reaction
                                                                                                                                    • 6.1.3 Measuring Rates
                                                                                                                                      • 6.1.4 Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                        • 6.1.5 Rate Experiments
                                                                                                                                          • 6.1.6 Explaining Rates
                                                                                                                                            • 6.1.7 Maxwell-Boltzmann Curves
                                                                                                                                              • 6.1.8 Energy Profiles & Catalysis
                                                                                                                                            • 7. Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                              • 7.1 Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                • 7.1.1 The State of Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                  • 7.1.2 The Equilibrium Law
                                                                                                                                                    • 7.1.3 Equilibrium Constant Relationships
                                                                                                                                                      • 7.1.4 The Reaction Quotient
                                                                                                                                                        • 7.1.5 Le Chatelier's Principle
                                                                                                                                                          • 7.1.6 Catalysts & Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                        • 8. Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                          • 8.1 Theories & Reactions of Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                            • 8.1.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                              • 8.1.2 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
                                                                                                                                                                • 8.1.3 Characteristic Reactions of Acids
                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.1.4 Neutralization
                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.2 More About Acids
                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.2.1 Acid-base Titrations
                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.2.2 pH & [H⁺]
                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.2.3 Interpreting pH
                                                                                                                                                                          • 8.2.4 The Ionic Product of Water
                                                                                                                                                                            • 8.2.5 Acid-Base Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                              • 8.2.6 pH Meters & Universal Indicator
                                                                                                                                                                                • 8.2.7 Strong & Weak Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.2.8 Comparing Strong & Weak Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                  • 8.3 Acid Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                    • 8.3.1 Acid Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 8.3.2 Effects of Acid Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 8.3.3 Reducing Sulfur Oxide Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                      • 9. Redox Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                        • 9.1 Redox Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                          • 9.1.1 Oxidation & reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 9.1.2 Deducing Oxidation Numbers
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 9.1.3 Oxidizing & Reducing agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 9.1.4 Naming Transition Metal Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 9.1.5 Half Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 9.1.6 The Activity Series
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 9.1.7 Redox Titrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 9.1.8 The Winkler Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 9.1.9 Voltaic Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 9.1.10 Electrolytic Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 10. Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 10.1 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 10.1.1 Homologous Series
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 10.1.2 Understanding Organic Molecules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 10.1.3 Nomenclature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 10.1.4 Organic Families - Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 10.1.5 Organic Families - Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 10.1.6 Organic Families - Alcohols & Ethers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 10.1.7 Organic Families - Carbonyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 10.1.8 Organic Families - Carboxylic Acids & Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 10.1.9 Organic Families - Organic Nitrogen Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 10.1.10 3-D modelling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 10.1.11 Primary, Secondary & Tertiary atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 10.1.12 Benzene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 10.2 Functional Group Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 10.2.1 Alkanes - Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 10.2.2 Alkanes - Halogenation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 10.2.3 Alkenes - Reactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 10.2.4 Alkenes - Hydrogenation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 10.2.5 Alkenes - Halogenation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 10.2.6 Alkenes - Hydrohalogenation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 10.2.7 Alkenes - Hydration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 10.2.8 Addition Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 10.2.9 Alcohols - Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 10.2.10 Alcohols - Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 10.2.11 Alcohols - Esterification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 10.2.12 Halogenoalkanes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 10.2.13 Reactions of Benzene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 11. Measurements & Data Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 11.1 Spectroscopic Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 11.1.1 Index of Hydrogen Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 11.1.2 Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 11.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 11.1.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 11.2 Synoptic Data Handling & Graphical Skills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 11.2.1 Recording Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 11.2.2 Processing Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 11.2.3 Reducing the Impact of Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 11.2.4 Percentage Error
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 11.2.5 Drawing Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 11.2.6 Analysing Graphs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 12. HL Atomic Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 12.1 Electrons in Atoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 12.1.1 Emission Spectra & First Ionisation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 12.1.2 Ionisation Energy Trends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 13. HL The Periodic Table- Transition Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 13.1 Transition Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 13.1.1 Transition Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 13.1.2 Variable Oxidation States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 13.1.3 Complex Ions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 13.1.4 Catalytic & Magnetic Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 13.1.5 Colour in Transition Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 13.1.6 Factors Affecting Colour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 14. HL Chemical Bonding & Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 14.1 More Structures & Shapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 14.1.1 Covalent Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 14.1.2 More Lewis Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 14.1.3 Further VSEPR Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 14.1.4 Formal Charge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 14.2 Further Aspects of Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 14.2.1 Delocalisation & Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 14.2.2 Ozone Revisited
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 14.2.3 Hybrid Orbitals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 15. HL Energetics / Thermochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 15.1 Energy Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 15.1.1 Key Enthalpy Terms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 15.1.2 Born-Haber Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 15.1.3 Born-Haber Cycle Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 15.1.4 Dissolution Energy Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 15.1.5 Energy Changes in Aqueous Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 15.2 Entropy & Spontaneity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 15.2.1 Entropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 15.2.2 Calculating Entropy Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 15.2.3 Gibbs Free Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 15.2.4 Spontaneous Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 15.2.5 Free Energy & Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 16. HL Chemical Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 16.1 Rate Expression & Reaction Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 16.1.1 Rate Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 16.1.2 Rate Constants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 16.1.3 Graphical Representations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 16.1.4 Rate Determining Step
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 16.1.5 Mechanism Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 16.2 Activation Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 16.2.1 The Arrhenius Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 16.2.2 Graphing the Arrhenius Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 16.2.3 Activation Energy from Rate Constants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 17. HL Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 17.1 The Equilibrium Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 17.1.1 Applying the Equilibrium Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 17.1.2 Gibbs Free Energy & the Equilibrium Constant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 18. HL Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 18.1 Further Aspects of Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 18.1.1 Lewis Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 18.1.2 pH Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 18.1.3 Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 18.1.4 Buffers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 18.1.5 Salt Hydrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 18.2 Calculations Involving Acids & Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 18.2.1 Acid & Base Dissociation Constants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 18.2.2 Acid & Base Problem Solving
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 19. HL Redox Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 19.1 Electrochemical Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 19.1.1 Electrochemical Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 19.1.2 The Standard Hydrogen Electrode
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 19.1.3 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 19.1.4 Quantitative Electrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 19.1.5 Free Energy & Eº
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 19.1.6 Electroplating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 20. HL Organic Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 20.1 Types of Organic Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 20.1.1 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 20.1.2 Electrophilic Addition Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 20.1.3 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 20.1.4 Reduction Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 20.2 Synthetic Routes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 20.2.1 Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 20.3 Stereoisomerism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 20.3.1 Stereoisomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 20.3.2 Cis-Trans & E/Z Isomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 20.3.3 Optical Isomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 21. Measurement & Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 21.1 Spectroscopic Identification of Organic compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 21.1.1 High Resolution NMR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • 21.1.2 X-Ray Crystallography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 21.1.3 Structure Identification Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Stewart Hird

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Author: Stewart

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Stewart has been an enthusiastic GCSE, A Level and IB Chemistry teacher for more than 30 years in the UK as well as overseas, and has been an examiner for IB and A Level, also. As a long-standing Head of Department, Stewart brings a wealth of experience to creating Topic Questions and revision materials for Save My Exams.


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