Hybridization questions

Assignment: Questions on Topic 14.2: Hybridization

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Ethene can be hydrogenated in the presence of a nickel catalyst to give ethane.
State the change in the type of hybridization that occurs on the carbon atoms during this process and state how the number of σ and π bonds changes from ethene to ethane.

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Consider the carbon atom marked with the red arrow in the structure of the indicator phenolphthalein.

Phenolphthalein, which has the structure on the left in acid solution, is colourless but in alkali solution it has the structure on the right and is pink. Explain in terms of hybridization what happens to the labelled carbon atom as the pH changes from acid to alkali.

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Hydrazine, N2H4, can be synthesised by reacting ammonia with hydrogen peroxide:

2NH3 + H2O2 → H2N-NH2 + 2H2O

It can react with propanone, (CH3)2C=O, by a condensation reaction to form a compound called a hydrazone which has the formula (CH3)2C=N-NH2. State the type of hybridization that occurs on the nitrogen atoms in ammonia, hydrazine and the hydrazone.

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Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, reacts with bromoethane to give a nitrile, C2H5CN, which can then be hydrolysed to form propanoic acid, C2H5COOH. Identify the type of hybridization shown by the carbon atom in hydrogen cyanide and state what happens to it as the carbon atom becomes part of first the nitrile then the carboxylic acid.

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Deduce the type of hybridization shown by beryllium in beryllium dichloride, BeCl2.

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